ECOLOGICAL MODELING OF AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus
... crustacean species due to discarded baits in the lobster fishery. The objective of my study is to develop a lobster ecosystem model to evaluate the dynamics of GOM lobster ecosystem. I developed a mass-balance ecosystem model separately for the two time periods (1980s and 1990s) using Ecopath with E ...
... crustacean species due to discarded baits in the lobster fishery. The objective of my study is to develop a lobster ecosystem model to evaluate the dynamics of GOM lobster ecosystem. I developed a mass-balance ecosystem model separately for the two time periods (1980s and 1990s) using Ecopath with E ...
Hatton etal. 2015. Science
... in Fig. 1, which serves to identify key properties of this more general phenomenon. The pattern describes relative changes in the shape of the “Eltonian” pyramid of biomass, which represents how total biomass is distributed across communities at different trophic levels in the food chain (43–45). In ...
... in Fig. 1, which serves to identify key properties of this more general phenomenon. The pattern describes relative changes in the shape of the “Eltonian” pyramid of biomass, which represents how total biomass is distributed across communities at different trophic levels in the food chain (43–45). In ...
The predator-prey power law: Biomass scaling across terrestrial and
... in Fig. 1, which serves to identify key properties of this more general phenomenon. The pattern describes relative changes in the shape of the “Eltonian” pyramid of biomass, which represents how total biomass is distributed across communities at different trophic levels in the food chain (43–45). In ...
... in Fig. 1, which serves to identify key properties of this more general phenomenon. The pattern describes relative changes in the shape of the “Eltonian” pyramid of biomass, which represents how total biomass is distributed across communities at different trophic levels in the food chain (43–45). In ...
BENTHIC FEEDING GUILDS AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
... overlap significantly in their niche requirements.” Terborgh & Robinson (1986) and Hawkins & MacMahon (1989) provide nice reviews of the applications of the guild concept in ecology in general. Most applications of the guild concept follow Root (1967) and restrict the usage to taxon-guilds, or membe ...
... overlap significantly in their niche requirements.” Terborgh & Robinson (1986) and Hawkins & MacMahon (1989) provide nice reviews of the applications of the guild concept in ecology in general. Most applications of the guild concept follow Root (1967) and restrict the usage to taxon-guilds, or membe ...
Teaching Guide - BioMEDIA Associates
... Regulation and Behavior Behavior is one kind of response an organism can make to an internal or environmental stimulus. A behavioral response requires coordination and communication at many levels, including cells, organ systems, and whole organisms. Behavioral response is a set of actions determine ...
... Regulation and Behavior Behavior is one kind of response an organism can make to an internal or environmental stimulus. A behavioral response requires coordination and communication at many levels, including cells, organ systems, and whole organisms. Behavioral response is a set of actions determine ...
Crab Nation Mangrove report
... potentially threatening feeding relationships in mangroves. In order to better understand mangrove food webs, we conducted surveys and a lab experiment to evaluate the feeding behavior of one of the most abundant mangrove animals in south Florida, the mangrove tree crab (Aratus pisonii). A variety o ...
... potentially threatening feeding relationships in mangroves. In order to better understand mangrove food webs, we conducted surveys and a lab experiment to evaluate the feeding behavior of one of the most abundant mangrove animals in south Florida, the mangrove tree crab (Aratus pisonii). A variety o ...
Generalist Predators, Food Web Complexities and
... to right: exploitative competition: two pest species compete for the same plant, but also affect each other’s densities through induced plant defences; apparent competition or apparent mutualism: indirect interactions between two prey species mediated by a shared natural enemy (with pests on the sam ...
... to right: exploitative competition: two pest species compete for the same plant, but also affect each other’s densities through induced plant defences; apparent competition or apparent mutualism: indirect interactions between two prey species mediated by a shared natural enemy (with pests on the sam ...
Changes in the diet of hake associated with El Ni˜no 1997
... with a strong inverse relationship between both variables. With this consideration, in the subsequent analyses, the SSTA was used to explore the association between the physical habitat variability and the changes in the diet of hake (Fig. 4a). Although anchovy is the dominant prey of the analysed s ...
... with a strong inverse relationship between both variables. With this consideration, in the subsequent analyses, the SSTA was used to explore the association between the physical habitat variability and the changes in the diet of hake (Fig. 4a). Although anchovy is the dominant prey of the analysed s ...
9 Generalist Predators, Food Web Complexities and Biological Pest
... to right: exploitative competition: two pest species compete for the same plant, but also affect each other’s densities through induced plant defences; apparent competition or apparent mutualism: indirect interactions between two prey species mediated by a shared natural enemy (with pests on the sam ...
... to right: exploitative competition: two pest species compete for the same plant, but also affect each other’s densities through induced plant defences; apparent competition or apparent mutualism: indirect interactions between two prey species mediated by a shared natural enemy (with pests on the sam ...
Ecology Practice Test Name
... A. hawk B. human C. grass D. squirrel ____ 19. Which of the following would not be considered a limiting factor for an owl population? A. abundance of prey B. availability of habitat C. amount of oxygen D. availability of water ____ 20. Which of the following creates warm and cold seasons on Earth? ...
... A. hawk B. human C. grass D. squirrel ____ 19. Which of the following would not be considered a limiting factor for an owl population? A. abundance of prey B. availability of habitat C. amount of oxygen D. availability of water ____ 20. Which of the following creates warm and cold seasons on Earth? ...
SCHULZE, PETER C., HORACIO E. ZAGARESE, AND CRAIG E
... 3 sums-of-squares and the type 3 mean-square for replicate nested within treatment as the error term for tests of the significance of treatment main effects. Missing data forced us to use this model which assumes that all time points are similarly correlated (Winer 197 1). Treatment x time interacti ...
... 3 sums-of-squares and the type 3 mean-square for replicate nested within treatment as the error term for tests of the significance of treatment main effects. Missing data forced us to use this model which assumes that all time points are similarly correlated (Winer 197 1). Treatment x time interacti ...
Biology Objective 3
... are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them. ...
... are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them. ...
HABITAT COMPLEXITY INFLUENCES CASCADING EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE PREDATORS J H. G
... and Kimbro 2005). Even though habitat complexity inhibits toadfish consumption of mud crabs, toadfish still indirectly benefit oysters because the strength of these nonconsumptive effects is much larger than that of the consumptive effects. However, adult blue crabs are generalists that also frequent t ...
... and Kimbro 2005). Even though habitat complexity inhibits toadfish consumption of mud crabs, toadfish still indirectly benefit oysters because the strength of these nonconsumptive effects is much larger than that of the consumptive effects. However, adult blue crabs are generalists that also frequent t ...
Interactions between harmful algae and calanoid copepods
... how these blooms are controlled and, on the other hand, what effects harmful algae can have on grazing zooplankton such as copepods. ...
... how these blooms are controlled and, on the other hand, what effects harmful algae can have on grazing zooplankton such as copepods. ...
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: CONSEQUENCES OF OMNIVORY AND
... Table 1.2. Number of individuals from each carabid species used in laboratory experiments examining the relationship among omnivorous carabids in mandibular morphology and handling time for each food type. Each individual was subsequently killed and dissected to obtain mandible measurements. Table 1 ...
... Table 1.2. Number of individuals from each carabid species used in laboratory experiments examining the relationship among omnivorous carabids in mandibular morphology and handling time for each food type. Each individual was subsequently killed and dissected to obtain mandible measurements. Table 1 ...
Food Webs
... • We will explore two models for making this useful – As a downloadable application for client machines – As an (open source?) downloadable service for servers supporting a community of users. UMBC an Honors University in Maryland ...
... • We will explore two models for making this useful – As a downloadable application for client machines – As an (open source?) downloadable service for servers supporting a community of users. UMBC an Honors University in Maryland ...
Microscale Insight into Microbial Seed Banks
... evidence about the importance of microscale factors in driving rates of encounter between individual organisms and resources and, in turn, the importance of microbe-resource encounter rates in driving abundance, productivity, and the emergence of seed banks. ...
... evidence about the importance of microscale factors in driving rates of encounter between individual organisms and resources and, in turn, the importance of microbe-resource encounter rates in driving abundance, productivity, and the emergence of seed banks. ...
Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator
... tend to have slower somatic growth rates, larger size at maturity, and longer generation lengths, all life history traits correlated with fewer offspring (12, 13). A low maximal reproduction rate means that it is difficult to mount compensatory responses via recruitment to enhanced mortality. Althou ...
... tend to have slower somatic growth rates, larger size at maturity, and longer generation lengths, all life history traits correlated with fewer offspring (12, 13). A low maximal reproduction rate means that it is difficult to mount compensatory responses via recruitment to enhanced mortality. Althou ...
High intraspecific variability in the functional niche of a predator is
... because intraspecific variations in functional traits can affect ecological interactions (Bolnick et al. 2011) and ecosystem functioning (Harmon et al. 2009; Rudolf and Rasmussen 2013a), it has been claimed that functional ecology should become more individual based than species based (McGill et al. ...
... because intraspecific variations in functional traits can affect ecological interactions (Bolnick et al. 2011) and ecosystem functioning (Harmon et al. 2009; Rudolf and Rasmussen 2013a), it has been claimed that functional ecology should become more individual based than species based (McGill et al. ...
Grade11-Objective3
... Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp? A B C D ...
... Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp? A B C D ...
Swoogle Semantic Web search engine
... • We will explore two models for making this useful – As a downloadable application for client machines – As an (open source?) downloadable service for servers supporting a community of users. UMBC an Honors University in Maryland ...
... • We will explore two models for making this useful – As a downloadable application for client machines – As an (open source?) downloadable service for servers supporting a community of users. UMBC an Honors University in Maryland ...
15. sibling competition and the evolution of brood size
... Presumably, the female parent controls the number of nestlings per brood, while growth rate and activity are primarily strategies of nestlings. Due to the basic asymmetry of genetic relationships among siblings (Trivers 1974), nestlings and their parents may come into conflict with respect to such n ...
... Presumably, the female parent controls the number of nestlings per brood, while growth rate and activity are primarily strategies of nestlings. Due to the basic asymmetry of genetic relationships among siblings (Trivers 1974), nestlings and their parents may come into conflict with respect to such n ...
Freshwater ciliates as ecophysiological model organisms – lessons
... The release of nutrients and DOC is ultimately linked to the grazing activity of planktonic filter feeders (Fig. 1). The significance of ‘sloppy feeding’ by Daphnia for nutrient regeneration was first demonstrated in Lake Constance (Lampert 1978 a). Quantification of the contribution of the various ...
... The release of nutrients and DOC is ultimately linked to the grazing activity of planktonic filter feeders (Fig. 1). The significance of ‘sloppy feeding’ by Daphnia for nutrient regeneration was first demonstrated in Lake Constance (Lampert 1978 a). Quantification of the contribution of the various ...
Columbia River Food Web Report
... Figure C.7.2. Relationship between DDE concentrations (ppm, wet weight basis) and eggshell thickness (mm) of osprey eggs from the lower Columbia River, 1997/1998 and 2004 ............................................................................. 118 Figure C.7.3. Modern pesticide use in the U.S ...
... Figure C.7.2. Relationship between DDE concentrations (ppm, wet weight basis) and eggshell thickness (mm) of osprey eggs from the lower Columbia River, 1997/1998 and 2004 ............................................................................. 118 Figure C.7.3. Modern pesticide use in the U.S ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.