The Rise of the Mesopredator
... when habitat is lost. Second, large predators are likely to encounter high levels of conflict with humans where fragmentation occurs, leading to higher levels of persecution. Last, fragmentation can add to the resources available to mesopredators, such as pet food, trash, crops, and crop pests, whic ...
... when habitat is lost. Second, large predators are likely to encounter high levels of conflict with humans where fragmentation occurs, leading to higher levels of persecution. Last, fragmentation can add to the resources available to mesopredators, such as pet food, trash, crops, and crop pests, whic ...
University of Groningen Ecology of Estuarine Macrobenthos
... production and returns nutrients to the deeper water layers. It may take years before these nutrients can be utilized by photoautotrophs again. In estuarine systems, however, pelagic-benthic links are not only quantitatively more important, but also qualitatively different, since the benthos can be ...
... production and returns nutrients to the deeper water layers. It may take years before these nutrients can be utilized by photoautotrophs again. In estuarine systems, however, pelagic-benthic links are not only quantitatively more important, but also qualitatively different, since the benthos can be ...
population dynamics of two species of kleptoparasitic spiders
... areas of host spiders in five study sites. In NK where N. clavata is absent, the dynamics of web area were mostly determined by N. maculata. Although the peak density of A. flavescens was delayed relative to that of host web area, its density decreased abruptly in November when N. maculata disappear ...
... areas of host spiders in five study sites. In NK where N. clavata is absent, the dynamics of web area were mostly determined by N. maculata. Although the peak density of A. flavescens was delayed relative to that of host web area, its density decreased abruptly in November when N. maculata disappear ...
Does food web structure affect detrital processing in streams?
... A wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate predators are responsible for initiating cascade effects in both aquatic and terrestrial food webs (Pace et al. 1999). These predators can initiate trophic cascades by consuming their prey directly (density-mediated) or by altering the behavior or life h ...
... A wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate predators are responsible for initiating cascade effects in both aquatic and terrestrial food webs (Pace et al. 1999). These predators can initiate trophic cascades by consuming their prey directly (density-mediated) or by altering the behavior or life h ...
Environmental context determines multi-trophic effects of consumer species loss
... Loss of biodiversity and nutrient enrichment are two of the main human impacts on ecosystems globally, yet we understand very little about the interactive effects of multiple stressors on natural communities and how this relates to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Advancing our understanding ...
... Loss of biodiversity and nutrient enrichment are two of the main human impacts on ecosystems globally, yet we understand very little about the interactive effects of multiple stressors on natural communities and how this relates to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Advancing our understanding ...
Density-dependent migration in an Amphiura filiformis (Amphiuridae
... a cut-off syringe (0:1.4 cm). Sediment was freezedried and nitrogen and total carbon were analyzed with a NA 1500 NC analyzer (Fisons). Calculations and statistics. Mean migration fluxes of Arnphiura filiformis between sides in each box were calculated from estimates of abundance in the 4 core sampl ...
... a cut-off syringe (0:1.4 cm). Sediment was freezedried and nitrogen and total carbon were analyzed with a NA 1500 NC analyzer (Fisons). Calculations and statistics. Mean migration fluxes of Arnphiura filiformis between sides in each box were calculated from estimates of abundance in the 4 core sampl ...
audiofonics
... the fly without wrapping it in silk or using the long paralysing bites characteristic of predation by most other species (Plate II, Fig. 1). As the first spiders bite the prey, it struggles and buzzes even more violently than before. When the fly is sub dued, small immatures and tiny spiderlings th ...
... the fly without wrapping it in silk or using the long paralysing bites characteristic of predation by most other species (Plate II, Fig. 1). As the first spiders bite the prey, it struggles and buzzes even more violently than before. When the fly is sub dued, small immatures and tiny spiderlings th ...
Life Science Unit
... Answer the following questions on your own in your science notebook. As you learned in other chapters, it is important to write down your best ideas during an Engage activity even if you don’t know the complete answer now. Mark this page with a paper clip or sticky note. You will revisit your answer ...
... Answer the following questions on your own in your science notebook. As you learned in other chapters, it is important to write down your best ideas during an Engage activity even if you don’t know the complete answer now. Mark this page with a paper clip or sticky note. You will revisit your answer ...
Food-associated vocalizations in mammals and
... macaques produce a specific call in response to food; however, they also sometimes produce this call during nonfood contexts associated with elation, such as at the onset of rain following dry periods, or on hot sunny days towards the end of the rainy season (Dittus 1984). Thus, although such calls m ...
... macaques produce a specific call in response to food; however, they also sometimes produce this call during nonfood contexts associated with elation, such as at the onset of rain following dry periods, or on hot sunny days towards the end of the rainy season (Dittus 1984). Thus, although such calls m ...
The Role of Macroinvertebrates in Stream Ecosystem Function
... gatherers (= collectors), animals that feed primarily on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; e1 mm diameter) deposited in streams; filterers, animals with specialized anatomical structures (e.g. setae, mouth brushes, fans, etc) or silk and silk-like secretions that act as sieves to remove particu ...
... gatherers (= collectors), animals that feed primarily on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; e1 mm diameter) deposited in streams; filterers, animals with specialized anatomical structures (e.g. setae, mouth brushes, fans, etc) or silk and silk-like secretions that act as sieves to remove particu ...
Modeling Food Webs: Exploring Unexplained Structure Using Latent
... a likelihood approach to compute the probability of reproducing the entire web). The aim of these models was to uncover the major factors underlying food-web organization. In almost all cases, a hierarchy was assumed to exist between the species that was described by a rank or a niche value. Two non ...
... a likelihood approach to compute the probability of reproducing the entire web). The aim of these models was to uncover the major factors underlying food-web organization. In almost all cases, a hierarchy was assumed to exist between the species that was described by a rank or a niche value. Two non ...
University of Groningen Production by intertidal benthic
... even if a prey is avadable to a specific predator it need not always be acceptable: it may lack a critical nutrient or it may be smaller than the lowest acceptable size (Tinbergen 1981, Zwarts & Wanink 1984). The overall availability of benthos may well differ significantly between different geograp ...
... even if a prey is avadable to a specific predator it need not always be acceptable: it may lack a critical nutrient or it may be smaller than the lowest acceptable size (Tinbergen 1981, Zwarts & Wanink 1984). The overall availability of benthos may well differ significantly between different geograp ...
ANSWER - Thomas C. Cario Middle School
... • ANSWER: This species is a large animal or other organism on which many other species depend and are very similar to keystone species, but these are usually migratory and need a large habitat. • QUESTION: What are umbrella species? ...
... • ANSWER: This species is a large animal or other organism on which many other species depend and are very similar to keystone species, but these are usually migratory and need a large habitat. • QUESTION: What are umbrella species? ...
Ecology jeopardy
... • ANSWER: This species is a large animal or other organism on which many other species depend and are very similar to keystone species, but these are usually migratory and need a large habitat. • QUESTION: What are umbrella species? ...
... • ANSWER: This species is a large animal or other organism on which many other species depend and are very similar to keystone species, but these are usually migratory and need a large habitat. • QUESTION: What are umbrella species? ...
Trophic structure patterns of Brazilian reef fishes
... bryozoans, ascidians and sponges) that are mostly associated to hard substrate. (6) A negative relationship with latitude is expected for such specialist feeders. The higher diversity and abundance of SIFs in lower latitudes could be viewed as a reflection of a progressive adaptation to using low-ca ...
... bryozoans, ascidians and sponges) that are mostly associated to hard substrate. (6) A negative relationship with latitude is expected for such specialist feeders. The higher diversity and abundance of SIFs in lower latitudes could be viewed as a reflection of a progressive adaptation to using low-ca ...
Limnol. Oceanogr., 45(2), 2000, 350–361
... the literature, several assumptions were altered. Most important here is the addition of a flux from nanophytoplankton to ciliates (Madoni et al. 1990; Sherr et al. 1991) and alteration of the assumptions on bacterial production and respiration. Third, by examining 14 seasonal periods over 4 yr, the ...
... the literature, several assumptions were altered. Most important here is the addition of a flux from nanophytoplankton to ciliates (Madoni et al. 1990; Sherr et al. 1991) and alteration of the assumptions on bacterial production and respiration. Third, by examining 14 seasonal periods over 4 yr, the ...
toward a metabolic theory of ecology
... specify the quantitative relationship between the metabolic rate and the fluxes of elemental materials through an organism. The metabolic rate dictates the rates at which material resources are taken up from the environment, used for biological structure and function, and excreted as ‘‘waste’’ back ...
... specify the quantitative relationship between the metabolic rate and the fluxes of elemental materials through an organism. The metabolic rate dictates the rates at which material resources are taken up from the environment, used for biological structure and function, and excreted as ‘‘waste’’ back ...
Patterns of trophic niche divergence between invasive
... patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (<400 m2) and large ponds ( ...
... patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (<400 m2) and large ponds ( ...
Lake size and fish diversity determine resource use and trophic
... have mainly been conducted in small lakes with simple fish communities and food-web structures. Recent ecological research has argued that ecosystem size and spatial heterogeneity within ecosystems can largely determine the relative contributions of basal resources from different habitats to higher ...
... have mainly been conducted in small lakes with simple fish communities and food-web structures. Recent ecological research has argued that ecosystem size and spatial heterogeneity within ecosystems can largely determine the relative contributions of basal resources from different habitats to higher ...
an evaluation of intertidal feeding habitats from a shorebird
... tion of the quality of feeding habitat. The quality of the feed- fauna, ing habitat is determined by the attainable intake rate, which yielded 120 titles and abstracts. However, only two of is a function of the harvestable biomass (top graph). The lat- these papers had sufficient detail and gave bio ...
... tion of the quality of feeding habitat. The quality of the feed- fauna, ing habitat is determined by the attainable intake rate, which yielded 120 titles and abstracts. However, only two of is a function of the harvestable biomass (top graph). The lat- these papers had sufficient detail and gave bio ...
Ecosystem-Encyclopedia-Research-Project-Directions
... realistically happen in your ecosystem. Each organism in your food chain should include the name of the species, as well as a picture of the organism. Use arrows to show the flow of energy from one organism to the next. The components of your food chain MUST be plants and animals that exist in the e ...
... realistically happen in your ecosystem. Each organism in your food chain should include the name of the species, as well as a picture of the organism. Use arrows to show the flow of energy from one organism to the next. The components of your food chain MUST be plants and animals that exist in the e ...
Food web assembly along salt marsh succession
... Although the young (terrestrial) salt marsh is poor in inorganic nitrogen, it may be facilitated by the adjacent marine organic matter of the Wadden Sea ecosystem during a floods. Note that - besides the young salt marsh - the old salt marsh is flooded too, but the reliance of marine organic matter ...
... Although the young (terrestrial) salt marsh is poor in inorganic nitrogen, it may be facilitated by the adjacent marine organic matter of the Wadden Sea ecosystem during a floods. Note that - besides the young salt marsh - the old salt marsh is flooded too, but the reliance of marine organic matter ...
The significance of inter- and intraspecific variation in bacterivorous
... This paper reviews the emerging evidence on the significance of inter- and intraspecific variation in the feeding behaviour of aquatic protists. Small heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) have been identified as the primary bacterial consumers in most aquatic environments. Recent research using novel ...
... This paper reviews the emerging evidence on the significance of inter- and intraspecific variation in the feeding behaviour of aquatic protists. Small heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) have been identified as the primary bacterial consumers in most aquatic environments. Recent research using novel ...
Food sharing in humans and other primates
... The study of cooperation is rich with theoretical models and laboratory experiments that have greatly advanced our knowledge of human uniqueness, but have sometimes lacked ecological validity. We therefore emphasize the need to tie discussions of human cooperation to the natural history of our speci ...
... The study of cooperation is rich with theoretical models and laboratory experiments that have greatly advanced our knowledge of human uniqueness, but have sometimes lacked ecological validity. We therefore emphasize the need to tie discussions of human cooperation to the natural history of our speci ...
The Science of Ecology for a Sustainable World
... Similar ideas were developed by Karl Möbius (Germany, 1825–1908), he introduced the concept of the “biocoenose” or biotic community, which appeared in an 1877 monograph on oyster-culture. In his 1887 influential article “The Lake as Microcosm” Stephen Forbes (USA, 1844–1930) presented one of the fir ...
... Similar ideas were developed by Karl Möbius (Germany, 1825–1908), he introduced the concept of the “biocoenose” or biotic community, which appeared in an 1877 monograph on oyster-culture. In his 1887 influential article “The Lake as Microcosm” Stephen Forbes (USA, 1844–1930) presented one of the fir ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.