The ecological effects of providing resource subsidies to predators
... intraguild feedback loops, in which a top predator both attacks and competes with an intermediate predator (Holt & Huxel, 2007), characterise top predator and mesopredator relationships. An important secondary assumption is that interactions within a food web are controlled primarily by dominant pre ...
... intraguild feedback loops, in which a top predator both attacks and competes with an intermediate predator (Holt & Huxel, 2007), characterise top predator and mesopredator relationships. An important secondary assumption is that interactions within a food web are controlled primarily by dominant pre ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... can therefore be controlled through top-down mechanisms, such as predation [3–5], or through bottom-up constraints on primary production, such as soil fertility (Figure 1) [6–9]. Trophic cascades in linear models of herbivore regulation (Figure 1) involve the knock-on effects of predation expressed ...
... can therefore be controlled through top-down mechanisms, such as predation [3–5], or through bottom-up constraints on primary production, such as soil fertility (Figure 1) [6–9]. Trophic cascades in linear models of herbivore regulation (Figure 1) involve the knock-on effects of predation expressed ...
modeling the role of primary productivity disruption in end
... as ours is the fact that very little can be stated precisely about the mechanisms by which disruptions of primary production might cause secondary extinctions in ancient communities. This is because the mechanisms must operate through complex trophic pathways and systems of sometimes poorly known sp ...
... as ours is the fact that very little can be stated precisely about the mechanisms by which disruptions of primary production might cause secondary extinctions in ancient communities. This is because the mechanisms must operate through complex trophic pathways and systems of sometimes poorly known sp ...
uncorrected page proofs
... Each ecosystem includes a living part and a non-living part. The living part is a community that consists of the populations of various species that live in a given region. The non-living part consists of the physical surroundings. However, an ecosystem consists of more than living organisms and the ...
... Each ecosystem includes a living part and a non-living part. The living part is a community that consists of the populations of various species that live in a given region. The non-living part consists of the physical surroundings. However, an ecosystem consists of more than living organisms and the ...
Applied Community Ecology
... • Lakes with algal blooms are assumed to have essentially 3 trophic levels • An increase in the abundance in the 4th trophic level (piscivorus fish) can cause trophic cascades, leading to clearer water ...
... • Lakes with algal blooms are assumed to have essentially 3 trophic levels • An increase in the abundance in the 4th trophic level (piscivorus fish) can cause trophic cascades, leading to clearer water ...
Diversity of Interactions: A Metric for Studies of Biodiversity
... Ideally, a quantitative approach to measuring the properties of food webs should include quantified information on trophic interactions for all trophic levels and involves all species in a community, but such an approach is impractical for most reasonably diverse communities (Lewis et al. 2002). Qua ...
... Ideally, a quantitative approach to measuring the properties of food webs should include quantified information on trophic interactions for all trophic levels and involves all species in a community, but such an approach is impractical for most reasonably diverse communities (Lewis et al. 2002). Qua ...
page proofs oofs
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
Using stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to study - ICM-CSIC
... δ15N and δ13C in feathers of both species moulted during the breeding and inter-breeding period. These authors found a complete dietary segregation between the two species during the chick-rearing period but not during the inter-breeding period, when birds forage for themselves. The identification o ...
... δ15N and δ13C in feathers of both species moulted during the breeding and inter-breeding period. These authors found a complete dietary segregation between the two species during the chick-rearing period but not during the inter-breeding period, when birds forage for themselves. The identification o ...
Spatiotemporal food web dynamics along a desert riparian–upland
... nutrients, and prey, largely ignoring the movement of predators between habitats that differ in productivity (and how predators integrate pulses in resource availability over time). We set out to study seasonal variation in food web interactions between mammalian carnivores and their rodent prey alo ...
... nutrients, and prey, largely ignoring the movement of predators between habitats that differ in productivity (and how predators integrate pulses in resource availability over time). We set out to study seasonal variation in food web interactions between mammalian carnivores and their rodent prey alo ...
See Offprint - Fundación BBVA
... connectivity should be equally intuitive, however: organisms still play the key roles, but it is their trophic interactions (who eats whom) that dictate connectivity of nutrients and energy (i.e. food) through a food web and, potentially, across ecosystem boundaries. Food web connectivity (as we app ...
... connectivity should be equally intuitive, however: organisms still play the key roles, but it is their trophic interactions (who eats whom) that dictate connectivity of nutrients and energy (i.e. food) through a food web and, potentially, across ecosystem boundaries. Food web connectivity (as we app ...
Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic
... structural properties influence the dynamics and stability of mutualistic communities, largely due to the lack of a general means with which to characterize their community structures, like that of a food web for predator–prey interactions. Recently, however, the extension of network theory to mutua ...
... structural properties influence the dynamics and stability of mutualistic communities, largely due to the lack of a general means with which to characterize their community structures, like that of a food web for predator–prey interactions. Recently, however, the extension of network theory to mutua ...
Application of a predator–prey overlap metric to determine the
... a nearby prey resource. Because pixels units were used for all measurements, there was no need to convert to units for calculating zAB. For plots with two-dimensional spatial distribution maps of filled contours, an image analysis programme written in MATLAB (Mathworks, version R2014a) was used to c ...
... a nearby prey resource. Because pixels units were used for all measurements, there was no need to convert to units for calculating zAB. For plots with two-dimensional spatial distribution maps of filled contours, an image analysis programme written in MATLAB (Mathworks, version R2014a) was used to c ...
Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of predators in
... et al. 2007; Bruno & Cardinale 2008; Burkepile & Hay 2008). The magnitude and direction of the effects of loss of consumers are highly variable, probably determined by the unique natural history of each species and may also vary in different environmental contexts (Boyer, Kertesz & Bruno 2009; O’Con ...
... et al. 2007; Bruno & Cardinale 2008; Burkepile & Hay 2008). The magnitude and direction of the effects of loss of consumers are highly variable, probably determined by the unique natural history of each species and may also vary in different environmental contexts (Boyer, Kertesz & Bruno 2009; O’Con ...
Stability and complexity : a reappraisal of the Competitive Exclusion
... (1970) ran simulations and found that stability decreased with increasingly complex systems. Soon after, May (1972) argued that mathematical stability required simplicity in ecological systems, an argument pursued to an extreme by Pimm (1984). It was realized by the ecological community that the Rou ...
... (1970) ran simulations and found that stability decreased with increasingly complex systems. Soon after, May (1972) argued that mathematical stability required simplicity in ecological systems, an argument pursued to an extreme by Pimm (1984). It was realized by the ecological community that the Rou ...
1. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor? A. the
... 52. Genes are distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays. True ...
... 52. Genes are distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays. True ...
Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic
... dealing with multi-species systems Empirical ecological research is typically carried out over small spatiotemporal scales (Callahan, 1984) and rarely across multiple levels of organisation (e.g. individuals to ecosystems), largely due to logistic constraints. This is a major challenge because clima ...
... dealing with multi-species systems Empirical ecological research is typically carried out over small spatiotemporal scales (Callahan, 1984) and rarely across multiple levels of organisation (e.g. individuals to ecosystems), largely due to logistic constraints. This is a major challenge because clima ...
European Journal of Wildlife Research. 53, 161-170
... The African savanna biome is home to an exceptional diversity of mammal herbivores and carnivores. Interactions between predators and their prey have important ecological consequences, ranging from direct impacts on prey populations to eliciting changes in community structure by decreasing populatio ...
... The African savanna biome is home to an exceptional diversity of mammal herbivores and carnivores. Interactions between predators and their prey have important ecological consequences, ranging from direct impacts on prey populations to eliciting changes in community structure by decreasing populatio ...
Basic and Applied Ecology
... A current goal in ecology is to elucidate the relative roles of primary and secondary consumers versus plant resources in determining community structure and dynamics. The complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities has been hypothesized to strongly influence the strength of these topdown an ...
... A current goal in ecology is to elucidate the relative roles of primary and secondary consumers versus plant resources in determining community structure and dynamics. The complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities has been hypothesized to strongly influence the strength of these topdown an ...
Test 2 Ch 3 and 4.2 - Kenton County Schools
... ____ 32. What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers? a. food web c. food chain b. an ecosystem d. a population ...
... ____ 32. What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers? a. food web c. food chain b. an ecosystem d. a population ...
Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems
... shocking was the presence of so many organisms. Here biodiversity is low, meaning only a few species make up the majority of a big population resulting in a large biomass (figure 10) with high productivity. Bacteria are essential for this process as they are food for animals, symbiotic with others a ...
... shocking was the presence of so many organisms. Here biodiversity is low, meaning only a few species make up the majority of a big population resulting in a large biomass (figure 10) with high productivity. Bacteria are essential for this process as they are food for animals, symbiotic with others a ...
Stoichiometry and population dynamics
... Population dynamics theory forms the quantitative core from which most ecologists have developed their intuition about how species interactions, heterogeneity, and biodiversity play out in time. Throughout its development, theoretical population biology has built on variants of the Lotka–Volterra eq ...
... Population dynamics theory forms the quantitative core from which most ecologists have developed their intuition about how species interactions, heterogeneity, and biodiversity play out in time. Throughout its development, theoretical population biology has built on variants of the Lotka–Volterra eq ...
Gelatinous plankton: irregularities rule the world (sometimes)
... advantage of sudden favourable conditions that, usually, last for a short time (Valiela 1995). Phytoplankton is the main food source for herbivorous zooplankton, usually represented by crustaceans. The planktonic crustaceans, however, do not reproduce asexually, and their populations grow less quick ...
... advantage of sudden favourable conditions that, usually, last for a short time (Valiela 1995). Phytoplankton is the main food source for herbivorous zooplankton, usually represented by crustaceans. The planktonic crustaceans, however, do not reproduce asexually, and their populations grow less quick ...
Adaptive omnivory and species coexistence in tri
... Křivan, 1996). Thus, this case converges to the situation where predators are omnivorous generalists, which is studied in the next section. To analyze effects of adaptive omnivory on species coexistence we will use some results of permanence theory. For 3-species systems, permanence theory gives ne ...
... Křivan, 1996). Thus, this case converges to the situation where predators are omnivorous generalists, which is studied in the next section. To analyze effects of adaptive omnivory on species coexistence we will use some results of permanence theory. For 3-species systems, permanence theory gives ne ...
Chapters 25-27 sample exam
... number of individuals in a forest? What evidence did you use to draw your conclusion? Use data from Data Gallery #1 to support your answer. Mock and her colleagues concluded that there were up to 41 individual aspen in this forest, which is far fewer than the 209 stems sampled (TABLE 25.3). Most of ...
... number of individuals in a forest? What evidence did you use to draw your conclusion? Use data from Data Gallery #1 to support your answer. Mock and her colleagues concluded that there were up to 41 individual aspen in this forest, which is far fewer than the 209 stems sampled (TABLE 25.3). Most of ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.