Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top
... Bottom-up and top-down influences on nutrient cycling in decomposer food webs Bottom-up forces in decomposer food webs Decomposers, primarily bacteria and fungi, but also detritivorous invertebrates and vertebrates, consume dead organic matter to obtain energy, and in the process of decomposition, b ...
... Bottom-up and top-down influences on nutrient cycling in decomposer food webs Bottom-up forces in decomposer food webs Decomposers, primarily bacteria and fungi, but also detritivorous invertebrates and vertebrates, consume dead organic matter to obtain energy, and in the process of decomposition, b ...
Estimating Relative Energy Fluxes Using the Food Web, Species
... height; some definitions were more likely than others to correspond to methods of measuring trophic height based on stable isotope analysis. The flux models were also used to develop an ecosystem sampling theory that associated p-values to statements that a given trophic link did not occur in a syst ...
... height; some definitions were more likely than others to correspond to methods of measuring trophic height based on stable isotope analysis. The flux models were also used to develop an ecosystem sampling theory that associated p-values to statements that a given trophic link did not occur in a syst ...
Regime Shifts in the Anthropocene: drivers, risk
... loss of habitat complexity due to kelp defoliation. Kelp is a three dimensional structure that offers shelter and food for many species; urchin barrens and turfs do not have this characteristic. This loss is associated with reduction of food web complexity and loss of functional groups6, with varyin ...
... loss of habitat complexity due to kelp defoliation. Kelp is a three dimensional structure that offers shelter and food for many species; urchin barrens and turfs do not have this characteristic. This loss is associated with reduction of food web complexity and loss of functional groups6, with varyin ...
Stable isotopes as trophic tracers: combining field sampling and
... different bivalves. She concluded that both suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding species were similarly dependent on algae in the water column. Stable isotopes are a classical way to trace food sources of aquatic animals (Peterson & Fry 1987). The isotopic signature of a heterotroph is a function ...
... different bivalves. She concluded that both suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding species were similarly dependent on algae in the water column. Stable isotopes are a classical way to trace food sources of aquatic animals (Peterson & Fry 1987). The isotopic signature of a heterotroph is a function ...
Energy flow to two abundant consumers in a subtropical oyster reef
... rarely been taken in studies of oyster reef food webs (but see Dame and Patten 1981; Lenihan et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2009), and thus, underlying trophic pathways supporting consumers are typically only inferred from functional relationships for many oyster reef systems. Furthermore, most studies ...
... rarely been taken in studies of oyster reef food webs (but see Dame and Patten 1981; Lenihan et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2009), and thus, underlying trophic pathways supporting consumers are typically only inferred from functional relationships for many oyster reef systems. Furthermore, most studies ...
File - Science Source
... Ecosystems Unit of the 6th grade Scope Science Curriculum. A test blue print is included for the summative unit test. The blueprint describes the content to be assessed with selected response, constructed response, and performance assessments. In addition, the packet includes suggestions and ...
... Ecosystems Unit of the 6th grade Scope Science Curriculum. A test blue print is included for the summative unit test. The blueprint describes the content to be assessed with selected response, constructed response, and performance assessments. In addition, the packet includes suggestions and ...
consumer–resource body-size relationships in natural food webs
... Abstract. It has been suggested that differences in body size between consumer and resource species may have important implications for interaction strengths, population dynamics, and eventually food web structure, function, and evolution. Still, the general distribution of consumer–resource body-si ...
... Abstract. It has been suggested that differences in body size between consumer and resource species may have important implications for interaction strengths, population dynamics, and eventually food web structure, function, and evolution. Still, the general distribution of consumer–resource body-si ...
Microbial Ecological Roles updated lesson plan
... Genes can give us important information about the specific role an organism plays in its environment. Each microbe’s ecological role is closely related to what they do. Some common functions of marine microbes are nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and heterotrophy. Complete each part below. Record ...
... Genes can give us important information about the specific role an organism plays in its environment. Each microbe’s ecological role is closely related to what they do. Some common functions of marine microbes are nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and heterotrophy. Complete each part below. Record ...
Trophic ecology of two sympatric lizard species: the
... a slight difference manifested by a high consumption of Diptera in the Moroccan population. However, particular adaptations to periods of food scarcity can be observed in some populations, mainly in insular ecosystems. For example, Di Palma (1984) reported that vegetal matter and ants are the most c ...
... a slight difference manifested by a high consumption of Diptera in the Moroccan population. However, particular adaptations to periods of food scarcity can be observed in some populations, mainly in insular ecosystems. For example, Di Palma (1984) reported that vegetal matter and ants are the most c ...
Food web structure affects the extinction risk of species in ecological
... Here we argue that extinction risk of a particular species not only depends on characteristics of that species (such as body size, generation time or dispersal ability), but also on interactions with and characteristics of other species (Ives and Cardinale, 2004). The reason for this is that the sen ...
... Here we argue that extinction risk of a particular species not only depends on characteristics of that species (such as body size, generation time or dispersal ability), but also on interactions with and characteristics of other species (Ives and Cardinale, 2004). The reason for this is that the sen ...
01- arruda
... proportions in both seasons by the two canids. The crab-eating fox was a generalist carnivore (B A = 0.698) when taking into consideration 95 different food items, whereas the maned wolf was relatively more specialist (BA = 0.235, n = 74 food items). In contrast, when food items were classified into ...
... proportions in both seasons by the two canids. The crab-eating fox was a generalist carnivore (B A = 0.698) when taking into consideration 95 different food items, whereas the maned wolf was relatively more specialist (BA = 0.235, n = 74 food items). In contrast, when food items were classified into ...
Competition, predation and flow rate as mediators
... lower trophic levels through trophic cascades (Peacor and Werner 1997; Abrams 2007). In such cases, the most parsimonious prediction would be that adding competitors in an ecosystem should strengthen trophic cascades, because of an increase in the density of consumers (Abrams 1995, 2007). It is wort ...
... lower trophic levels through trophic cascades (Peacor and Werner 1997; Abrams 2007). In such cases, the most parsimonious prediction would be that adding competitors in an ecosystem should strengthen trophic cascades, because of an increase in the density of consumers (Abrams 1995, 2007). It is wort ...
Untangling the roles of parasites in food webs with
... webs with statistically similar structure to the empirical data via standard network measures; and (iii) the out-ofsample prediction accuracy for missing links, formalized as an AUC statistic in which we remove a subset of links from the empirical web and measure the models ability to accurately ide ...
... webs with statistically similar structure to the empirical data via standard network measures; and (iii) the out-ofsample prediction accuracy for missing links, formalized as an AUC statistic in which we remove a subset of links from the empirical web and measure the models ability to accurately ide ...
Introduction to ecology and env
... of the item in each trophic level of a food chain. carnivores herbivores producers ...
... of the item in each trophic level of a food chain. carnivores herbivores producers ...
Herbivory from Individuals to Ecosystems
... herbivores and therefore reduce the degree to which herbivores limit plants. The HSS paper was important on two grounds. First, it placed herbivory in a multitrophic ecosystem context and thereby formally recognized that herbivores not only consume their own resources but they are in turn resources ...
... herbivores and therefore reduce the degree to which herbivores limit plants. The HSS paper was important on two grounds. First, it placed herbivory in a multitrophic ecosystem context and thereby formally recognized that herbivores not only consume their own resources but they are in turn resources ...
Diet choice in an omnivorous salt-marsh crab: different food types
... Studies of consumer diet choice have often focused on organisms whose diet is more or less limited to a single broad category of food. Thus, we have studies of diet choice among predators (Elner and Hughes, 1978; Osenberg and Mittelbach, 1989), herbivores (Milton, 1979; Dearing and Schall, 1992; Pen ...
... Studies of consumer diet choice have often focused on organisms whose diet is more or less limited to a single broad category of food. Thus, we have studies of diet choice among predators (Elner and Hughes, 1978; Osenberg and Mittelbach, 1989), herbivores (Milton, 1979; Dearing and Schall, 1992; Pen ...
Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and
... and grasshoppers from the Taigetos mountains was proportional in the order Pb > Cd > Hg, with the same pattern of occurrence, both in producers and in herbivores. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the larvae of four ephemeroptera species from a polluted stream were also proportional to the ...
... and grasshoppers from the Taigetos mountains was proportional in the order Pb > Cd > Hg, with the same pattern of occurrence, both in producers and in herbivores. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the larvae of four ephemeroptera species from a polluted stream were also proportional to the ...
The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore
... communities. For example, the terrestrial community of the California Channel Islands contains just two native mammalian carnivores, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis; 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight) and island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis amphiala; 0.5 to 0.7 kg), and only a few species of rodents. ...
... communities. For example, the terrestrial community of the California Channel Islands contains just two native mammalian carnivores, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis; 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight) and island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis amphiala; 0.5 to 0.7 kg), and only a few species of rodents. ...
Changes to Marine Trophic Networks Caused by
... All these indicators of structural simplification of trophic networks have a very important implication, which is the possible reduction in functional redundancy, part of the biological insurance of ecosystems (Montoya et al., 2001). Thus, fishing pressure creates two highly dangerous scenarios for ...
... All these indicators of structural simplification of trophic networks have a very important implication, which is the possible reduction in functional redundancy, part of the biological insurance of ecosystems (Montoya et al., 2001). Thus, fishing pressure creates two highly dangerous scenarios for ...
The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore
... communities. For example, the terrestrial community of the California Channel Islands contains just two native mammalian carnivores, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis; 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight) and island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis amphiala; 0.5 to 0.7 kg), and only a few species of rodents. ...
... communities. For example, the terrestrial community of the California Channel Islands contains just two native mammalian carnivores, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis; 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight) and island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis amphiala; 0.5 to 0.7 kg), and only a few species of rodents. ...
Part I: chapters, but I will cover them rapidly. The outlines will be
... Work through Figure 53.2, doing the math to make sure you get the same answer as the text. Note and understand what the letters of the formula mean. Next, try the following problem. A population ecologist wished to determine the size of a population of white-footed deer mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in ...
... Work through Figure 53.2, doing the math to make sure you get the same answer as the text. Note and understand what the letters of the formula mean. Next, try the following problem. A population ecologist wished to determine the size of a population of white-footed deer mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in ...
Ch - Garnet Valley School District
... 13. Define Food Chain: 14. Define Food Web: 15. Define Trophic Levels: 16. How much energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels? 17. Why is it more efficient to eat lower on the food chain? ...
... 13. Define Food Chain: 14. Define Food Web: 15. Define Trophic Levels: 16. How much energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels? 17. Why is it more efficient to eat lower on the food chain? ...
LS2.A- Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
... within this ecosystem are linked, through nutrient cycles and energy flows. For example, the sun, which is abiotic, provides energy for the ecosystem. Plants (biotic) use the suns energy to produce sugar, through a process called photosynthesis. This sugar/food is then transferred to consumers, such ...
... within this ecosystem are linked, through nutrient cycles and energy flows. For example, the sun, which is abiotic, provides energy for the ecosystem. Plants (biotic) use the suns energy to produce sugar, through a process called photosynthesis. This sugar/food is then transferred to consumers, such ...
The effects of amphibian population declines on the
... studies to address this, Burton and Likens (1975a) showed that terrestrial salamanders were an important component of energy and nutrient cycling in a northeastern US forest. More recently, leaf-litter frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Puerto Rico were also shown to be important at the ecosystem le ...
... studies to address this, Burton and Likens (1975a) showed that terrestrial salamanders were an important component of energy and nutrient cycling in a northeastern US forest. More recently, leaf-litter frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Puerto Rico were also shown to be important at the ecosystem le ...
Feb cover final.qxd
... studies to address this, Burton and Likens (1975a) showed that terrestrial salamanders were an important component of energy and nutrient cycling in a northeastern US forest. More recently, leaf-litter frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Puerto Rico were also shown to be important at the ecosystem le ...
... studies to address this, Burton and Likens (1975a) showed that terrestrial salamanders were an important component of energy and nutrient cycling in a northeastern US forest. More recently, leaf-litter frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Puerto Rico were also shown to be important at the ecosystem le ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.