Interactions of Life
... Every organism in an ecosystem has its own place to live. A habitat is the place within an ecosystem that provides food, water, shelter, and other biotic and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce. Organisms have a variety of habitats. For example, house martins such as the ones ...
... Every organism in an ecosystem has its own place to live. A habitat is the place within an ecosystem that provides food, water, shelter, and other biotic and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce. Organisms have a variety of habitats. For example, house martins such as the ones ...
The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems
... Although recent studies have rapidly advanced our knowledge of diversity–function relationships, understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss in complex, natural ecosystems requires that we move beyond simple systems of competing species to incorporate processes that occur both within and amo ...
... Although recent studies have rapidly advanced our knowledge of diversity–function relationships, understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss in complex, natural ecosystems requires that we move beyond simple systems of competing species to incorporate processes that occur both within and amo ...
File - Mr. Greening`s Science
... provides a habitat for parasites alters the climate of the geographic region attracts many pioneer organisms remains in equilibrium with the environment ...
... provides a habitat for parasites alters the climate of the geographic region attracts many pioneer organisms remains in equilibrium with the environment ...
EOC notecard review - week of 03.14.16.notebook
... The tropical rain forest is found near the equator. It has abundant rainfall, stays very humid and experiences an average summer temperature of 25oC. Many exotic types of plants and birds make their home in the rain forest. Primates and other mammals can also be found in the rainforest. The ...
... The tropical rain forest is found near the equator. It has abundant rainfall, stays very humid and experiences an average summer temperature of 25oC. Many exotic types of plants and birds make their home in the rain forest. Primates and other mammals can also be found in the rainforest. The ...
full text pdf
... of consumers, few studies have used this technique to determine food-web structure. These studies report mixed impacts on various food-web properties, but are limited by their taxonomic focus and their failure to evaluate DNA barcoding for both diet analysis and food-web structure. In this study, we ...
... of consumers, few studies have used this technique to determine food-web structure. These studies report mixed impacts on various food-web properties, but are limited by their taxonomic focus and their failure to evaluate DNA barcoding for both diet analysis and food-web structure. In this study, we ...
Modeling foundation species in food webs
... within a community, but they exert their influence primarily through non-trophic effects (Ellison and Baiser, in press). Some examples of nontrophic actions of foundation species include: altering local climates and microclimates (e.g., Schöeb et al. 2012, Butterfield et al. 2013); changing soil te ...
... within a community, but they exert their influence primarily through non-trophic effects (Ellison and Baiser, in press). Some examples of nontrophic actions of foundation species include: altering local climates and microclimates (e.g., Schöeb et al. 2012, Butterfield et al. 2013); changing soil te ...
Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites?
... Salt Marsh in California finds that parasites dramatically increase connectance and nestedness (Figure 1 [42]). Increases in connectance and nestedness should alter stability in food webs, suggesting that parasites have an important role in food web structure. Parasites and ecosystems In summary, pa ...
... Salt Marsh in California finds that parasites dramatically increase connectance and nestedness (Figure 1 [42]). Increases in connectance and nestedness should alter stability in food webs, suggesting that parasites have an important role in food web structure. Parasites and ecosystems In summary, pa ...
Whiles et al. 2006 (Frontiers)
... estimated an average net flux of 350 g AFDM (ash-free dry mass) yr'1 into small forest ponds in southern Illinois, USA and, overall, that the contribution of salamanders to energy flow in these systems, in terms of egg inputs and larval production, was substantial and equal to or higher than many pu ...
... estimated an average net flux of 350 g AFDM (ash-free dry mass) yr'1 into small forest ponds in southern Illinois, USA and, overall, that the contribution of salamanders to energy flow in these systems, in terms of egg inputs and larval production, was substantial and equal to or higher than many pu ...
Why biodiversity is important to oceanography: potential roles of
... levels within food webs is clearly important, but we also argue that complementary use of resources and responses to environmental change, as well as interspecific facilitation by species within trophic levels (i.e. horizontal diversity) can enhance the consistency and stability of such basic ecosys ...
... levels within food webs is clearly important, but we also argue that complementary use of resources and responses to environmental change, as well as interspecific facilitation by species within trophic levels (i.e. horizontal diversity) can enhance the consistency and stability of such basic ecosys ...
Ecology 86(2)
... lication, with other generally available species information (e.g., species mean size). We list all quantifiable factors in Table 1. We compared the effect of predators on plant biomass using meta-analysis, an analytical tool used to examine general patterns across studies (Arnqvist and Wooster 1995 ...
... lication, with other generally available species information (e.g., species mean size). We list all quantifiable factors in Table 1. We compared the effect of predators on plant biomass using meta-analysis, an analytical tool used to examine general patterns across studies (Arnqvist and Wooster 1995 ...
the functioning of marine ecosystems
... these questions and exploring whether general principles apply lies in understanding the mechanisms responsible for these observed emergent patterns. Different types of energy flow in marine ecosystems are reviewed: bottom-up control (control by primary producers), top-down control (control by preda ...
... these questions and exploring whether general principles apply lies in understanding the mechanisms responsible for these observed emergent patterns. Different types of energy flow in marine ecosystems are reviewed: bottom-up control (control by primary producers), top-down control (control by preda ...
CIESMW orkshop S eries Fishing down the - ICM-CSIC
... can be either direct or indirect (e.g. Gislason et al., 2000), strongly interact with each other in a complex and often unpredictable manner. The highly diversified and complex impacts of fisheries on ecosystems have led, in the late 1990s, to a growing interest in “ecosystem-based management” as a ...
... can be either direct or indirect (e.g. Gislason et al., 2000), strongly interact with each other in a complex and often unpredictable manner. The highly diversified and complex impacts of fisheries on ecosystems have led, in the late 1990s, to a growing interest in “ecosystem-based management” as a ...
Ecosystems and Human Interference
... pass from one population to another, all the energy content is converted to heat, which dissipates into the environment. Chemicals cycle as organic nutrients are returned to the producers. – Excretion – Death – Cellular Respiration Mader: Biology 8th Ed. ...
... pass from one population to another, all the energy content is converted to heat, which dissipates into the environment. Chemicals cycle as organic nutrients are returned to the producers. – Excretion – Death – Cellular Respiration Mader: Biology 8th Ed. ...
Towards a framework for assessment and management of
... line, P. oceanica system; gray dashed line, clusters of functional groups that share a common link to some other compartments; black arrows, transfer of energy among different compartments; gray arrows, energy transfer among clusters of food web components; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; BAFHS, bact ...
... line, P. oceanica system; gray dashed line, clusters of functional groups that share a common link to some other compartments; black arrows, transfer of energy among different compartments; gray arrows, energy transfer among clusters of food web components; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; BAFHS, bact ...
Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem
... myriad of ecological interactions occur between individuals in populations, between species, within and between communities and functional groups, and across the cropped fields and other natural and semi-natural habitats in the agricultural landscape, and these produce the emergent structure and dyn ...
... myriad of ecological interactions occur between individuals in populations, between species, within and between communities and functional groups, and across the cropped fields and other natural and semi-natural habitats in the agricultural landscape, and these produce the emergent structure and dyn ...
On the organization of ecosystems Veldhuis, Michiel
... detritivore-mesopredator-toppredator trophic networks), while the connection between producers, consumers and decomposers is essential for understanding ecosystem organization (Wardle et al. 2004; Schrama, Berg & Olff 2012a; Bardgett & van der Putten 2014). Therefore, incorporating insights from the ...
... detritivore-mesopredator-toppredator trophic networks), while the connection between producers, consumers and decomposers is essential for understanding ecosystem organization (Wardle et al. 2004; Schrama, Berg & Olff 2012a; Bardgett & van der Putten 2014). Therefore, incorporating insights from the ...
RevShtExIB160
... Explain how the stability of a community is affected by the level of biodiversity. Identify two alien species in the Puget Sound Area and how these species alter biodiversity and the stability of a community. Identify the “three Rs” of environmentally-wise behavior regarding the production of waste ...
... Explain how the stability of a community is affected by the level of biodiversity. Identify two alien species in the Puget Sound Area and how these species alter biodiversity and the stability of a community. Identify the “three Rs” of environmentally-wise behavior regarding the production of waste ...
Scaling up keystone effects from simple to complex
... strength by repeatedly splitting the data (starting with 2700 observations) into more homogeneous groups, using combinations of explanatory variables that can be both discrete (e.g. resource supply) and continuous (e.g. mean biomass of competitors). Unlike multiple linear regressions, Regression Tre ...
... strength by repeatedly splitting the data (starting with 2700 observations) into more homogeneous groups, using combinations of explanatory variables that can be both discrete (e.g. resource supply) and continuous (e.g. mean biomass of competitors). Unlike multiple linear regressions, Regression Tre ...
Divergent composition but similar function of soil food webs of
... Maximum loop weight is a measure for the patterning of interaction strength over trophic levels and was calculated to relate food web structure to stability (Neutel et al. 2002). A trophic interaction loop is an omnivorous chain of interactions between feeding groups starting and ending with the sam ...
... Maximum loop weight is a measure for the patterning of interaction strength over trophic levels and was calculated to relate food web structure to stability (Neutel et al. 2002). A trophic interaction loop is an omnivorous chain of interactions between feeding groups starting and ending with the sam ...
No Slide Title
... Biotic Components • producers (autotrophs "self–feeders"): make their own food from abiotic compounds. ...
... Biotic Components • producers (autotrophs "self–feeders"): make their own food from abiotic compounds. ...
Kratina Food Web Persistence 2015 Accepted
... maintains the potential for its density to rise to an ecological-important level, regardless of its ...
... maintains the potential for its density to rise to an ecological-important level, regardless of its ...
Undetected Species Losses, Food Webs, and
... drive the dynamics of coyote populations (Knowlton & Stoddart, 1992). This predator-prey relationship has important ecological effects because predation on domestic ungulates increases when hare densities drop (Stoddart et al., 2001). If L. townsendii once filled similar niches in more mesic or clim ...
... drive the dynamics of coyote populations (Knowlton & Stoddart, 1992). This predator-prey relationship has important ecological effects because predation on domestic ungulates increases when hare densities drop (Stoddart et al., 2001). If L. townsendii once filled similar niches in more mesic or clim ...
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in
... herbivores. Two scenarios of species response to environmental fluctuations are considered. Solid lines correspond to identical responses of species to environmental fluctuations, and dotted lines to different responses of species. In each panel, black lines correspond to producer properties, while gre ...
... herbivores. Two scenarios of species response to environmental fluctuations are considered. Solid lines correspond to identical responses of species to environmental fluctuations, and dotted lines to different responses of species. In each panel, black lines correspond to producer properties, while gre ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.