A Generalized Food Web for Lake Pontchartrain in Southeastern
... webs typically include the following levels: primary producers or autotrophs, filter feeders and herbivores, small predators, large or top predators and detritivores. Primary producers or autotrophs are the most important organisms within aquatic food webs. Microorganisms called phytoplankton as wel ...
... webs typically include the following levels: primary producers or autotrophs, filter feeders and herbivores, small predators, large or top predators and detritivores. Primary producers or autotrophs are the most important organisms within aquatic food webs. Microorganisms called phytoplankton as wel ...
Most theoretical models of species coexistence assume that habitat patches... dynamic habitat P S
... fact that its habitat – the plant population itself – is not simply a static landscape of green “testtubes” in which food web dynamics play out. Rather, it is a spatially structured, dynamic system. The organization of this dynamic system appears to be controlled by interactions between Sarracenia, ...
... fact that its habitat – the plant population itself – is not simply a static landscape of green “testtubes” in which food web dynamics play out. Rather, it is a spatially structured, dynamic system. The organization of this dynamic system appears to be controlled by interactions between Sarracenia, ...
Linking ecosystem and parasite ecology Michel Loreau,
... Ecosystem science is characterized by the processes it addresses rather than by the type of system it deals with, although it is more often conducted at high levels of organization (several trophic levels) and large spatial scales (from a plot to the whole Earth). It is concerned mainly with the poo ...
... Ecosystem science is characterized by the processes it addresses rather than by the type of system it deals with, although it is more often conducted at high levels of organization (several trophic levels) and large spatial scales (from a plot to the whole Earth). It is concerned mainly with the poo ...
Mortality Risk vs. Food Quality Trade
... Natural selection should produce animals that are efficient food gatherers, and from this basic premise arises optimal foraging theory (OFT). OFT predictions have generally been supported when animals face simple decisions, such as choosing the prey items that maximize net energy returns (Stephens a ...
... Natural selection should produce animals that are efficient food gatherers, and from this basic premise arises optimal foraging theory (OFT). OFT predictions have generally been supported when animals face simple decisions, such as choosing the prey items that maximize net energy returns (Stephens a ...
Organization of the Biosphere:
... Answer the following questions using the information below: Isle Royale National Park on a remote island was established in 1940, and designated a wilderness area in 1976. The only mode of transportation available is by boat or seaplane. Moose first arrived at Isle Royale around 1900. The moose pop ...
... Answer the following questions using the information below: Isle Royale National Park on a remote island was established in 1940, and designated a wilderness area in 1976. The only mode of transportation available is by boat or seaplane. Moose first arrived at Isle Royale around 1900. The moose pop ...
Feeding on survival-food: gelatinous plankton as
... have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to feed on these fauna (Arai, 1988; Purcell & Arai, 2001). However, it was also shown that many species that usually are not considered as gelatinous predators, do actually feed from time to time on gelatinous fauna (Mianzan et al., 1996, 19 ...
... have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to feed on these fauna (Arai, 1988; Purcell & Arai, 2001). However, it was also shown that many species that usually are not considered as gelatinous predators, do actually feed from time to time on gelatinous fauna (Mianzan et al., 1996, 19 ...
Chapter 4. Complex Life Cycles and Marine Food Webs: Migrating
... more efficiently welled up into stocks of consumers. Thus the base of the terrestrial food web is defined by storage of carbon, whereas in marine food webs it’s determined by high turnover rates and production of carbon (fig 4.1A). The ‘challenge’ then for a consumer in marine system is to capture ...
... more efficiently welled up into stocks of consumers. Thus the base of the terrestrial food web is defined by storage of carbon, whereas in marine food webs it’s determined by high turnover rates and production of carbon (fig 4.1A). The ‘challenge’ then for a consumer in marine system is to capture ...
How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... of directly measurable, phenotypic, hereditary traits that characterize the physiology, anatomy, and behavior of the individuals of a species? Below, we refer to these later traits as phenotypic traits. Which objective criterion should be used to choose trophic traits (among phenotypic traits, or th ...
... of directly measurable, phenotypic, hereditary traits that characterize the physiology, anatomy, and behavior of the individuals of a species? Below, we refer to these later traits as phenotypic traits. Which objective criterion should be used to choose trophic traits (among phenotypic traits, or th ...
Modelling the ecology and evolution of communities
... analysis of random community matrices to challenge the popular notion that complexity implied stability (Odum, 1953, MacArthur, 1955; Elton, 1958). An important critique of May’s result was that natural systems are not random, but may arise through community-level selection for stability (Pimm and L ...
... analysis of random community matrices to challenge the popular notion that complexity implied stability (Odum, 1953, MacArthur, 1955; Elton, 1958). An important critique of May’s result was that natural systems are not random, but may arise through community-level selection for stability (Pimm and L ...
Ecology Practice Questions - Miami Beach Senior High School
... 17. The dense needles of Douglas fir trees can prevent most light from reaching the forest floor. This situation would have the most immediate effect on 1. producers ...
... 17. The dense needles of Douglas fir trees can prevent most light from reaching the forest floor. This situation would have the most immediate effect on 1. producers ...
consumer species richness and autotrophic biomass
... inorganic nutrients and varied the number of consumer species stocked in each microcosm. For simplicity, we refer to these nondecomposer heterotrophs as ‘‘consumers,’’ which includes herbivores, detritivores, omnivores, and top predators. Consumer species were all protists. Our decomposer species we ...
... inorganic nutrients and varied the number of consumer species stocked in each microcosm. For simplicity, we refer to these nondecomposer heterotrophs as ‘‘consumers,’’ which includes herbivores, detritivores, omnivores, and top predators. Consumer species were all protists. Our decomposer species we ...
Is Infectious Disease Just Another Type of Predator
... other types of predator-prey interactions studied by community ecologists? Could parasitism and predation be combined into a unifying model? After all, parasites and predators both convert energy and nutrients contained in their resources (hosts or prey, respectively) into new biomass and reproducti ...
... other types of predator-prey interactions studied by community ecologists? Could parasitism and predation be combined into a unifying model? After all, parasites and predators both convert energy and nutrients contained in their resources (hosts or prey, respectively) into new biomass and reproducti ...
Modelling the ecology and evolution of communities
... analysis of random community matrices to challenge the popular notion that complexity implied stability (Odum, 1953, MacArthur, 1955; Elton, 1958). An important critique of May’s result was that natural systems are not random, but may arise through community-level selection for stability (Pimm and L ...
... analysis of random community matrices to challenge the popular notion that complexity implied stability (Odum, 1953, MacArthur, 1955; Elton, 1958). An important critique of May’s result was that natural systems are not random, but may arise through community-level selection for stability (Pimm and L ...
Pregartner - York College of Pennsylvania
... urbanized areas are subjected to high levels of runoff (mostly from rainstorms). This increases the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and other organic molecules within an ocean ecosystem, creating an eutrophic environment. Phytoplankton begin to grow in numbers or “bloom” due to a surplus in nutrients ...
... urbanized areas are subjected to high levels of runoff (mostly from rainstorms). This increases the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and other organic molecules within an ocean ecosystem, creating an eutrophic environment. Phytoplankton begin to grow in numbers or “bloom” due to a surplus in nutrients ...
2.2 Measuring abiotic components of the system
... Interactions should be understood in terms of the influences each species has on the population dynamics of others, and upon the carrying capacity of the others’ environment. Graphical representations of these influences should be interpreted. ...
... Interactions should be understood in terms of the influences each species has on the population dynamics of others, and upon the carrying capacity of the others’ environment. Graphical representations of these influences should be interpreted. ...
File - Mr. Greening`s Science
... provides a habitat for parasites alters the climate of the geographic region attracts many pioneer organisms remains in equilibrium with the environment ...
... provides a habitat for parasites alters the climate of the geographic region attracts many pioneer organisms remains in equilibrium with the environment ...
CANIS L UPUS, VULPES VULPES
... this material could have been ingested while swallowing other food or for curative purpose. The garbage, present in 1 9 8 1 -82, feil to very low levels in 1 983 (Figs. 4 and 5). The category « Unidentified material » appeared in the Wolf diet in 1 983, replacing rubbish. Such unrecognizable substan ...
... this material could have been ingested while swallowing other food or for curative purpose. The garbage, present in 1 9 8 1 -82, feil to very low levels in 1 983 (Figs. 4 and 5). The category « Unidentified material » appeared in the Wolf diet in 1 983, replacing rubbish. Such unrecognizable substan ...
Human-induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton
... Zooplankton taxa and their life stages were classified by their feeding function into five major groups: nauplii, herbivores, omnivores, small predators and predators. Nauplii are larval ...
... Zooplankton taxa and their life stages were classified by their feeding function into five major groups: nauplii, herbivores, omnivores, small predators and predators. Nauplii are larval ...
Villy Cristensen: Using ecosystem modeling for fisheries
... • Confounding of fishery, environmental, and trophic effects in historical data; • Failure to anticipate new problems (‘vampires in the basement’) due to unpredictable changes in system structure, (exotic invasions, fisheries inventions); • Unpredictable pre-adaptations to habitat alterations. 38 ...
... • Confounding of fishery, environmental, and trophic effects in historical data; • Failure to anticipate new problems (‘vampires in the basement’) due to unpredictable changes in system structure, (exotic invasions, fisheries inventions); • Unpredictable pre-adaptations to habitat alterations. 38 ...
Quantifying the effects of biodiversity on food web structure: a stable
... Consequently, less dominant or rarer species contribute relatively little to the value of structure and are in effect redundant. Often the emphasis in dominant- species sensitive measures is on singular or subsets of species rather than the wider community, and specifically how their interactions af ...
... Consequently, less dominant or rarer species contribute relatively little to the value of structure and are in effect redundant. Often the emphasis in dominant- species sensitive measures is on singular or subsets of species rather than the wider community, and specifically how their interactions af ...
Organisms and Their Environment
... No species lives entirely alone. Every population shares its environment with other populations. This creates what is called a biological community. A biological community is made up of different populations in a certain area at a certain time. In a biological community, changes in one population ma ...
... No species lives entirely alone. Every population shares its environment with other populations. This creates what is called a biological community. A biological community is made up of different populations in a certain area at a certain time. In a biological community, changes in one population ma ...
Dinger EC, Hendrickson DA, Winsborough BM, Marks JC (2006)
... (Grotzinger, 1990) and competition for space with other algal forms (Moore & Burne, 1994). Application of food web theory may increase understanding of the interactions of vertebrates, invertebrates and stromatolites. Food web theory predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of her ...
... (Grotzinger, 1990) and competition for space with other algal forms (Moore & Burne, 1994). Application of food web theory may increase understanding of the interactions of vertebrates, invertebrates and stromatolites. Food web theory predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of her ...
Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in
... via two pathways. First, nesting birds with a good food supply spend less time foraging away from the nest, and are therefore better at defending eggs and nestlings. Second, when caterpillars are superabundant, generalist predators, such as rodents and corvids, switch from songbird nests to caterpil ...
... via two pathways. First, nesting birds with a good food supply spend less time foraging away from the nest, and are therefore better at defending eggs and nestlings. Second, when caterpillars are superabundant, generalist predators, such as rodents and corvids, switch from songbird nests to caterpil ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.