Indirect effects of food web diversity and productivity
... 1995; Langenheder & Jurgens 2001). These results suggest different possible mechanisms underlying links between bacterial metabolic activity and consumer pressure. Much less is known about how the diversity of all trophic levels within a multitrophic food web can alter bacterial communities and deco ...
... 1995; Langenheder & Jurgens 2001). These results suggest different possible mechanisms underlying links between bacterial metabolic activity and consumer pressure. Much less is known about how the diversity of all trophic levels within a multitrophic food web can alter bacterial communities and deco ...
Indirect effects of food web diversity and productivity on bacterial
... 1995; Langenheder & Jurgens 2001). These results suggest different possible mechanisms underlying links between bacterial metabolic activity and consumer pressure. Much less is known about how the diversity of all trophic levels within a multitrophic food web can alter bacterial communities and deco ...
... 1995; Langenheder & Jurgens 2001). These results suggest different possible mechanisms underlying links between bacterial metabolic activity and consumer pressure. Much less is known about how the diversity of all trophic levels within a multitrophic food web can alter bacterial communities and deco ...
1 Facilitators Notes Figure 1 Concept Biotic (living) and abiotic (non
... springtails. Many of these are also omnivores and include microbes and non-living organic material. Omnivore – feeds on a variety of animal and plant life and non-living organic material. Microbes – may include bacteria, protozoans, and microscopic fungi Thought Questions 1) How might abiotic factor ...
... springtails. Many of these are also omnivores and include microbes and non-living organic material. Omnivore – feeds on a variety of animal and plant life and non-living organic material. Microbes – may include bacteria, protozoans, and microscopic fungi Thought Questions 1) How might abiotic factor ...
Jumping Spider Tricksters: Deceit, Predation, and Cognition Stim
... In an emerald rainforest of northeastern Australia, a sunbeam pierces the canopy, touches broad green leaves on the way down, and beams onto a lichen-spotted rock surface. In the beam’s circle, slow, careful motions of a brownish jumping spider are illuminated. The jumping spider belongs to the genu ...
... In an emerald rainforest of northeastern Australia, a sunbeam pierces the canopy, touches broad green leaves on the way down, and beams onto a lichen-spotted rock surface. In the beam’s circle, slow, careful motions of a brownish jumping spider are illuminated. The jumping spider belongs to the genu ...
Chapter 4: Aquatic Animals - Green Mountain Conservation Group
... • “benthic” – lives on the bottom of the stream or lake, on the substrate • “macro” – large enough to see with the naked eye • “invertebrate” – animal without a backbone Thus, benthic macroinvertebrates are animals without a backbone that are large enough to see without a microscope and live at leas ...
... • “benthic” – lives on the bottom of the stream or lake, on the substrate • “macro” – large enough to see with the naked eye • “invertebrate” – animal without a backbone Thus, benthic macroinvertebrates are animals without a backbone that are large enough to see without a microscope and live at leas ...
Climate change and unequal phenological changes
... other levels of the food chain (Visser & Both 2005). These different rates of phenological responses have been explained mostly by constraints on phenological plasticity (Both & Visser 2001; Visser et al. 2004), or the costs associated with responses during other periods of the annual cycle (Coppack ...
... other levels of the food chain (Visser & Both 2005). These different rates of phenological responses have been explained mostly by constraints on phenological plasticity (Both & Visser 2001; Visser et al. 2004), or the costs associated with responses during other periods of the annual cycle (Coppack ...
4th grade Science Standards
... interpretation) and know scientists' explanations come partly from what they observe and partly from how they interpret their observations. ST6.B measure and estimate the weight, length, or volume of objects. ST6.C formulate and justify predictions based on cause-and-effect relationships. ST6.D cond ...
... interpretation) and know scientists' explanations come partly from what they observe and partly from how they interpret their observations. ST6.B measure and estimate the weight, length, or volume of objects. ST6.C formulate and justify predictions based on cause-and-effect relationships. ST6.D cond ...
bio 1.1 biomes student version
... cellular respiration climate climatograph climax community commensalism community competition consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary) DDT ...
... cellular respiration climate climatograph climax community commensalism community competition consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary) DDT ...
predation 2004
... • spawning runs of kokanee into rivers provided food for eagles, bears • opossum shrimp, introduced as “fish-food”, upset the system • shrimp preyed upon and out-competed native zooplankton • shrimp migrate to deep waters by day, so inaccessible to kokanee • kokanee collapsed, eagles no longer stop ...
... • spawning runs of kokanee into rivers provided food for eagles, bears • opossum shrimp, introduced as “fish-food”, upset the system • shrimp preyed upon and out-competed native zooplankton • shrimp migrate to deep waters by day, so inaccessible to kokanee • kokanee collapsed, eagles no longer stop ...
Crowder et al. 2008 - Duke People
... While traditional management of marine fisheries has focused on the widespread declines in targeted species, entire food webs have been significantly altered by overfishing ( Jackson et al. 2001, Christensen et al. 2003). Fishing has a variety of direct and indirect effects on food webs in marine ec ...
... While traditional management of marine fisheries has focused on the widespread declines in targeted species, entire food webs have been significantly altered by overfishing ( Jackson et al. 2001, Christensen et al. 2003). Fishing has a variety of direct and indirect effects on food webs in marine ec ...
pdf - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
... Nutrient availability and herbivory control the biomass of primary producer communities to varying degrees across ecosystems. Ecological theory, individual experiments in many different systems, and system-specific quantitative reviews have suggested that (i) bottom–up control is pervasive but top–d ...
... Nutrient availability and herbivory control the biomass of primary producer communities to varying degrees across ecosystems. Ecological theory, individual experiments in many different systems, and system-specific quantitative reviews have suggested that (i) bottom–up control is pervasive but top–d ...
A cross-system synthesis of consumer and nutrient
... Nutrient availability and herbivory control the biomass of primary producer communities to varying degrees across ecosystems. Ecological theory, individual experiments in many different systems, and system-specific quantitative reviews have suggested that (i) bottom–up control is pervasive but top–d ...
... Nutrient availability and herbivory control the biomass of primary producer communities to varying degrees across ecosystems. Ecological theory, individual experiments in many different systems, and system-specific quantitative reviews have suggested that (i) bottom–up control is pervasive but top–d ...
pdf
... fishing (Christensen and Walters, 2002, this vol.; Shannon et al., 2000; Vasconcellos and Gasalla, 2001). Nevertheless, ecosystems are extremely complex, as well as the relationships between fisheries and biological productivity changes, which makes them impossible to treat comprehensively (Jorgense ...
... fishing (Christensen and Walters, 2002, this vol.; Shannon et al., 2000; Vasconcellos and Gasalla, 2001). Nevertheless, ecosystems are extremely complex, as well as the relationships between fisheries and biological productivity changes, which makes them impossible to treat comprehensively (Jorgense ...
Honors Biology – Chapters 3-5
... Explain and be able to list at least 5 major components of ecosystems (e.g. soil, producers, etc) Define, identify, and give examples of producers (autotrophs), and consumers (heterotrophs) Define and give at least five examples of abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems Define niche and give an ex ...
... Explain and be able to list at least 5 major components of ecosystems (e.g. soil, producers, etc) Define, identify, and give examples of producers (autotrophs), and consumers (heterotrophs) Define and give at least five examples of abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems Define niche and give an ex ...
Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores
... both significant positive and negative effects; the negative reports do not cease to be valid in their own right just because they are less common on average than the positive ones. Perhaps the more interesting question is why the effects of multi-predator species on pest suppression appear to be co ...
... both significant positive and negative effects; the negative reports do not cease to be valid in their own right just because they are less common on average than the positive ones. Perhaps the more interesting question is why the effects of multi-predator species on pest suppression appear to be co ...
Mechanisms structuring the pelagic microbial food web
... Temporal and spatial variations of pelagic microorganisms in the northern Baltic Sea were studied, as well as factors influencing their abundance and growth rates. Three main questions were asked 1) How does increased productivity influence the structure of the microbial food web? 2) Does predation ...
... Temporal and spatial variations of pelagic microorganisms in the northern Baltic Sea were studied, as well as factors influencing their abundance and growth rates. Three main questions were asked 1) How does increased productivity influence the structure of the microbial food web? 2) Does predation ...
The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump
... describes consumption of inorganic nutrients by photoautotrophic phytoplankton, which in turn supports zooplankton and ultimately higher trophic levels. Pathways centred on bacteria provide mechanisms for nutrient recycling. This structure lies at the foundation of most models used to explore biogeo ...
... describes consumption of inorganic nutrients by photoautotrophic phytoplankton, which in turn supports zooplankton and ultimately higher trophic levels. Pathways centred on bacteria provide mechanisms for nutrient recycling. This structure lies at the foundation of most models used to explore biogeo ...
Trait- and Density-Mediated Indirect Interactions Initiated by an
... in the Missoula valley in May to serve as host plants. Similarly sized plants that had not initiated bolting were selected and placed in 1-gal pots with a 50 : 50 sand and potting soil mix in the bottom third of the pot to facilitate drainage. The remainder of each pot was filled with soil from the ...
... in the Missoula valley in May to serve as host plants. Similarly sized plants that had not initiated bolting were selected and placed in 1-gal pots with a 50 : 50 sand and potting soil mix in the bottom third of the pot to facilitate drainage. The remainder of each pot was filled with soil from the ...
Reef Fishes at All Trophic Levels Respond Positively to
... prey species within MPAs were also noted in a global meta-analysis [7], indicative of possible indirect effects of competition or predation. On the other hand, a lack of prey abundance may limit predator growth [12] and abundance [13] demonstrating a bottom up effect on community structure. We hypot ...
... prey species within MPAs were also noted in a global meta-analysis [7], indicative of possible indirect effects of competition or predation. On the other hand, a lack of prey abundance may limit predator growth [12] and abundance [13] demonstrating a bottom up effect on community structure. We hypot ...
Evolution of body-size
... Food-chain length is predicted to increase with increasing nutrient level ...
... Food-chain length is predicted to increase with increasing nutrient level ...
Unit IX - Ecology - Lesson Module
... ○ Most primary producers capture the Sun’s energy during photosynthesis, and it is converted to chemical energy in the form of simple sugars. ○ The autotroph uses some of the simple sugars for energy and some of the simple sugars are converted to organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) ...
... ○ Most primary producers capture the Sun’s energy during photosynthesis, and it is converted to chemical energy in the form of simple sugars. ○ The autotroph uses some of the simple sugars for energy and some of the simple sugars are converted to organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) ...
A-level Environmental Science Question paper Unit 3
... explain one other condition on Earth that permits the existence and continued support of living organisms. Condition ...................................................................................................... Explanation .................................................................... ...
... explain one other condition on Earth that permits the existence and continued support of living organisms. Condition ...................................................................................................... Explanation .................................................................... ...
and the degree of omnivory of five Celtic Sea fish predato
... The TL of each individual sampled was calculated as the sum of its prey T L, weighted by their relative importance in the stomach following Adams et al. (1983): ...
... The TL of each individual sampled was calculated as the sum of its prey T L, weighted by their relative importance in the stomach following Adams et al. (1983): ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.