Biogeography - National Open University of Nigeria
... Resilience is dependent on the strongest component or link in the ecosystem. Resilience is balanced by (i) a wide range of tolerance and adaptations by organisms to environmental stresses e.g. and diserts; (a) a large proportion of biomass located below the ground as a types of perennial herbaceous ...
... Resilience is dependent on the strongest component or link in the ecosystem. Resilience is balanced by (i) a wide range of tolerance and adaptations by organisms to environmental stresses e.g. and diserts; (a) a large proportion of biomass located below the ground as a types of perennial herbaceous ...
Migratory Animals Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
... biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stab ...
... biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stab ...
Overfishing of marine resources: some lessons from the assessment
... changes in the trophic structures of fish communities caused by fishing; they attribute this phenomena of “fishing down the marine food web” to a higher vulnerability of high trophic levels. The role of trophic levels in the resilience of exploited marine populations has since become the subject of ...
... changes in the trophic structures of fish communities caused by fishing; they attribute this phenomena of “fishing down the marine food web” to a higher vulnerability of high trophic levels. The role of trophic levels in the resilience of exploited marine populations has since become the subject of ...
ECOLOGY
... Use the information and the figure below to answer the following item. Many plants that grow in tropical rain forests have specialized roots that anchor them to the branches and trunks of trees. They do not harm the trees. These plants get food and water from various sources, including the air and ...
... Use the information and the figure below to answer the following item. Many plants that grow in tropical rain forests have specialized roots that anchor them to the branches and trunks of trees. They do not harm the trees. These plants get food and water from various sources, including the air and ...
Applying stable isotopes to examine foodweb structure: an overview
... X. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... X. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Ecology Jeopardy
... part of Earth where life exists including deep in the ocean and high in the sky? Answer ...
... part of Earth where life exists including deep in the ocean and high in the sky? Answer ...
Back to Jeopardy - Warren County Public Schools
... part of Earth where life exists including deep in the ocean and high in the sky? Answer ...
... part of Earth where life exists including deep in the ocean and high in the sky? Answer ...
Differential support of lake food webs by three types of terrestrial
... communities and ecosystems is detrital organic matter in dissolved and particulate forms (Polis et al. 1997). This material may be directly available or may require transformation by micro-organisms prior to supporting animal consumers in recipient systems. In contrast, smaller fluxes of living orga ...
... communities and ecosystems is detrital organic matter in dissolved and particulate forms (Polis et al. 1997). This material may be directly available or may require transformation by micro-organisms prior to supporting animal consumers in recipient systems. In contrast, smaller fluxes of living orga ...
Dens et al.
... The observed dynamics of mixed microbial populations can be highly complex, however. Buchanan and Bagi (1999) demonstrated, for example, that L. monocytogenes grown in co-culture with Pseudomonas fluorescens can attain maximum population densities that are lower, higher, or the same compared to leve ...
... The observed dynamics of mixed microbial populations can be highly complex, however. Buchanan and Bagi (1999) demonstrated, for example, that L. monocytogenes grown in co-culture with Pseudomonas fluorescens can attain maximum population densities that are lower, higher, or the same compared to leve ...
Mechanisms and mitigation of food web change in stream ecosystems
... largely autochthonously-based and oen contain large numbers of defended primary consumers, which form trophic bottlenecks and prevent energy from reaching higher trophic levels. Consequently, while there is more total energy available, less of that energy is in a usable form for stream food webs. M ...
... largely autochthonously-based and oen contain large numbers of defended primary consumers, which form trophic bottlenecks and prevent energy from reaching higher trophic levels. Consequently, while there is more total energy available, less of that energy is in a usable form for stream food webs. M ...
Zooplankton growth and trophic linkages: Towe Holmborn
... The aim of this Thesis was to improve our understanding and assessment of feeding conditions for zooplanktivorous fish in the Baltic Sea. We investigated (papers I, II) the usefulness of biochemical proxies for assessments of growth and metabolic rates in the dominant Baltic copepod Acartia bifilosa ...
... The aim of this Thesis was to improve our understanding and assessment of feeding conditions for zooplanktivorous fish in the Baltic Sea. We investigated (papers I, II) the usefulness of biochemical proxies for assessments of growth and metabolic rates in the dominant Baltic copepod Acartia bifilosa ...
Large Marine Carnivores: Trophic Cascades and Top
... Carnivores are predators that consume animals; herbivores are predators that consume plants. The effect of consumers on prey populations is measured as “interaction strength” (Paine 1980, 1992), which depends on more than just its abundance. We define per capita interaction strength as the effect of ...
... Carnivores are predators that consume animals; herbivores are predators that consume plants. The effect of consumers on prey populations is measured as “interaction strength” (Paine 1980, 1992), which depends on more than just its abundance. We define per capita interaction strength as the effect of ...
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
... An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. • Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. • Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. • Only 10 percent of the en ...
... An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. • Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. • Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. • Only 10 percent of the en ...
Salt Marsh Food Web
... They help stabilize sediments, are food for larger organisms and contribute to an enrichment of the sediments. Large numbers of more sizable invertebrates (animals without backbones) inhabit salt marshes. Rapid changes in salinity, temperature and exposure create stressful conditions and thereby lim ...
... They help stabilize sediments, are food for larger organisms and contribute to an enrichment of the sediments. Large numbers of more sizable invertebrates (animals without backbones) inhabit salt marshes. Rapid changes in salinity, temperature and exposure create stressful conditions and thereby lim ...
Terrestrial Ecology Week 2 quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice
... Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ...
... Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ...
Consumer trophic diversity as a fundamental mechanism linking
... (green) or decomposition-based (brown) food webs in isolation. This decoupling may strongly limit our ability to assess the importance of food web interactions on ecosystem processes. 3. To evaluate how consumer trophic diversity mediates predator effects on ecosystem functioning, we conducted a mes ...
... (green) or decomposition-based (brown) food webs in isolation. This decoupling may strongly limit our ability to assess the importance of food web interactions on ecosystem processes. 3. To evaluate how consumer trophic diversity mediates predator effects on ecosystem functioning, we conducted a mes ...
Nitrogen in Insects - Arizona State University
... offs was motivated by the apparent weakness of phylogenetic conservation of N content. The first analysis partitioned species into a set of ordinal-level groups, each containing at least one phylogenetically independent contrast between herbivores and predators. These groupings corresponded to a sin ...
... offs was motivated by the apparent weakness of phylogenetic conservation of N content. The first analysis partitioned species into a set of ordinal-level groups, each containing at least one phylogenetically independent contrast between herbivores and predators. These groupings corresponded to a sin ...
QUESTION: Review - EnvironmentalIssuesNS111
... • One of the most important species interactions is who eats whom. • Matter and energy move through the community. • Trophic levels: rank in the feeding hierarchy - Producers - Consumers - Detritivores and Decomposers Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson ...
... • One of the most important species interactions is who eats whom. • Matter and energy move through the community. • Trophic levels: rank in the feeding hierarchy - Producers - Consumers - Detritivores and Decomposers Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson ...
Stable isotope analyses of benthic organisms in Lake Baikal
... whereas the stable isotopic composition of an organism will provide information about its feeding habits over significant periods of time, corresponding to organic carbon turnover times (Fry & Arnold, 1982). Finally, results from the conventional gut contents approach can be misleading if some of th ...
... whereas the stable isotopic composition of an organism will provide information about its feeding habits over significant periods of time, corresponding to organic carbon turnover times (Fry & Arnold, 1982). Finally, results from the conventional gut contents approach can be misleading if some of th ...
Carrion cycling in food webs: comparisons among terrestrial and
... identify areas where future research is needed. Compared to information available from marine ecosystems (reviewed by Britton and Morton 1994), there are few data concerning the fate of carrion in freshwater habitats (Minshall et al. 1991). Thus, in this paper we concentrate on marine systems, part ...
... identify areas where future research is needed. Compared to information available from marine ecosystems (reviewed by Britton and Morton 1994), there are few data concerning the fate of carrion in freshwater habitats (Minshall et al. 1991). Thus, in this paper we concentrate on marine systems, part ...
Nutrient enrichment and food chains: can evolution buffer top
... herbivore evolution, plant evolution, or both. When only herbivores are allowed to evolve, the predictions are similar to those of the ecological model without evolution, i.e., plant biomass does not change with nutrient addition. When only plants evolve, nutrient enrichment leads to an increase in ...
... herbivore evolution, plant evolution, or both. When only herbivores are allowed to evolve, the predictions are similar to those of the ecological model without evolution, i.e., plant biomass does not change with nutrient addition. When only plants evolve, nutrient enrichment leads to an increase in ...
Ecology Ch. 3
... evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration. ...
... evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration. ...
Towards a cohesive, holistic view of top predation: a definition
... A ‘predator’ is a species which captures, kills and consumes individuals of another species. We define top predators as ...
... A ‘predator’ is a species which captures, kills and consumes individuals of another species. We define top predators as ...
Linking feeding ecology and population abundance
... large body sizes, detailed behavioral observation is feasible and there have been many studies of their feeding ecology (Clutton-Brock 1977; Hohmann et al. 2006). Primates are generalist consumers and are dependent on a diverse array of resources, such as leaves, fruits/seeds, flowers, gum/sap, barks ...
... large body sizes, detailed behavioral observation is feasible and there have been many studies of their feeding ecology (Clutton-Brock 1977; Hohmann et al. 2006). Primates are generalist consumers and are dependent on a diverse array of resources, such as leaves, fruits/seeds, flowers, gum/sap, barks ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.