Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size
... none of the ten trophic strategies we describe here (Fig. 1 in main text) has a single evolutionary origin and all are spread among phyla. This pattern fits Sewall Wright’s [e] concept of adaptive peaks: among species, selection for similar optima for the interacting cluster of traits that comprise ...
... none of the ten trophic strategies we describe here (Fig. 1 in main text) has a single evolutionary origin and all are spread among phyla. This pattern fits Sewall Wright’s [e] concept of adaptive peaks: among species, selection for similar optima for the interacting cluster of traits that comprise ...
Modeling multiple nonconsumptive effects in
... interference to derive a model that is both flexible and intuitive. The model is derived using a 4-species food web that includes multiple nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) and interactions among them, though this approach may be adaptable to larger ecological communities. I apply this model to 2 exampl ...
... interference to derive a model that is both flexible and intuitive. The model is derived using a 4-species food web that includes multiple nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) and interactions among them, though this approach may be adaptable to larger ecological communities. I apply this model to 2 exampl ...
Prey, predators, parasites: intraguild predation or simpler community
... 1. Competition and predation are at the heart of community ecology. The theoretical concept of intraguild predation (IGP) combines these key interactions in a single community module. Because IGP is believed to be ubiquitous in nature, it has been subject to extensive research, and there exists a we ...
... 1. Competition and predation are at the heart of community ecology. The theoretical concept of intraguild predation (IGP) combines these key interactions in a single community module. Because IGP is believed to be ubiquitous in nature, it has been subject to extensive research, and there exists a we ...
Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem
... two concepts are not equivalent. First, a landscape is in principle a continuous, if heterogeneous, physical entity whereas a meta-ecosystem need not be so. Metapopulations are, by definition, discontinuous entities as their component populations occupy distinct patches, isolated from each other in ...
... two concepts are not equivalent. First, a landscape is in principle a continuous, if heterogeneous, physical entity whereas a meta-ecosystem need not be so. Metapopulations are, by definition, discontinuous entities as their component populations occupy distinct patches, isolated from each other in ...
Ostracoda and Amphibia in temporary ponds: who is the prey
... behavioural defences than by chemical deterrents (Álvarez and Nicieza 2006). Overall, ostracods, as other aquatic invertebrate predators, seem to prefer toad tadpoles to other anuran larvae, probably because they are more easily detectable by mean of visual and tactile stimuli. Conclusions The know ...
... behavioural defences than by chemical deterrents (Álvarez and Nicieza 2006). Overall, ostracods, as other aquatic invertebrate predators, seem to prefer toad tadpoles to other anuran larvae, probably because they are more easily detectable by mean of visual and tactile stimuli. Conclusions The know ...
Unit 1 - OpenWetWare
... form of pyramids. Explain the special circumstances of inverted biomass pyramids. 11. Explain why food pyramids usually have only four or five trophic levels 12. Define the pyramid of numbers. 13. Explain why worldwide agriculture could feed more people if all humans consumed only plant material. 14 ...
... form of pyramids. Explain the special circumstances of inverted biomass pyramids. 11. Explain why food pyramids usually have only four or five trophic levels 12. Define the pyramid of numbers. 13. Explain why worldwide agriculture could feed more people if all humans consumed only plant material. 14 ...
Available Benthic Energy Coefficient (ABEC): a - Archimer
... The benthic production of prey seems to be one of the main drivers among many environmental factors that influence the quality of fish nurseries and potentially limit their carrying capacity. However, the contribution of food availability in the growth and survival of juveniles is still controversia ...
... The benthic production of prey seems to be one of the main drivers among many environmental factors that influence the quality of fish nurseries and potentially limit their carrying capacity. However, the contribution of food availability in the growth and survival of juveniles is still controversia ...
Human-Induced Trophic Cascades along the Fecal Detritus Pathway
... Human presence and activity in tropical forest is thought to exert top-down regulation over the various ‘green-world’ pathways of plant-based foodwebs. However, these effects have never been explored for the ‘brown-world’ pathways of fecal-detritus webs. The strong effects of humans on tropical game ...
... Human presence and activity in tropical forest is thought to exert top-down regulation over the various ‘green-world’ pathways of plant-based foodwebs. However, these effects have never been explored for the ‘brown-world’ pathways of fecal-detritus webs. The strong effects of humans on tropical game ...
Forster and Murphy 1986
... Initially, P. schultzii remained near the floor of the cage at the opposite en d to I. karschi and generally ignored fruitflies in favour of spiderlings . After abou t a month it moved up to the corked opening where the fruitflies were introduce d and subsequently took fruitflies as prey although th ...
... Initially, P. schultzii remained near the floor of the cage at the opposite en d to I. karschi and generally ignored fruitflies in favour of spiderlings . After abou t a month it moved up to the corked opening where the fruitflies were introduce d and subsequently took fruitflies as prey although th ...
Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator–prey interactions
... least of these is the need to separate those consumer– resource interactions that actually take place in nature from those that are merely possible based upon data tabulated from multiple sources. Discrepancies between compiled data sets and the real world may arise for many reasons, such as dietary ...
... least of these is the need to separate those consumer– resource interactions that actually take place in nature from those that are merely possible based upon data tabulated from multiple sources. Discrepancies between compiled data sets and the real world may arise for many reasons, such as dietary ...
independent gradients of producer, consumer
... organic compounds found in different plant species. Producers and microbes may therefore be joined in mutualisms mediated by nutrient recycling. A diverse decomposer community can increase the rate of nutrient cycling via the variable ability of different microbes to mineralize different organic com ...
... organic compounds found in different plant species. Producers and microbes may therefore be joined in mutualisms mediated by nutrient recycling. A diverse decomposer community can increase the rate of nutrient cycling via the variable ability of different microbes to mineralize different organic com ...
i Evaluating the Functional Trophic Level of the Global
... suitability to tackle food security, a trophic level analysis could be applied. A trophic level analysis uses trophic level as a tool to measure the amount of resources consumed by a species. A trophic level is defined as a species relative position in the aquatic food chain, ranging from a 1 in pla ...
... suitability to tackle food security, a trophic level analysis could be applied. A trophic level analysis uses trophic level as a tool to measure the amount of resources consumed by a species. A trophic level is defined as a species relative position in the aquatic food chain, ranging from a 1 in pla ...
Not worth the risk: apex predators suppress herbivory on coral reefs
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
ap biology summer assignment 2009-2010
... Purpose: This assignment will allow students to become familiar in utilizing a collegelevel text to begin their study of Advanced Placement Biology. By completing this unit, we will be able to move forward quickly in order to complete the necessary curriculum by the May 14, 2012 AP Biology testing d ...
... Purpose: This assignment will allow students to become familiar in utilizing a collegelevel text to begin their study of Advanced Placement Biology. By completing this unit, we will be able to move forward quickly in order to complete the necessary curriculum by the May 14, 2012 AP Biology testing d ...
Not worth the risk: apex predators suppress herbivory on coral reefs
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
Effects of interactions between the green and brown food webs on
... decomposition) food webs on ecosystem functioning. Three interactions between the two food webs are studied: 1) nutrients recycled from all organisms in the food web couple the green and brown food webs through mutualistic/competitive interaction between primary producers and decomposers; 2) general ...
... decomposition) food webs on ecosystem functioning. Three interactions between the two food webs are studied: 1) nutrients recycled from all organisms in the food web couple the green and brown food webs through mutualistic/competitive interaction between primary producers and decomposers; 2) general ...
ecosystem
... are essential to all organisms • Carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere • CO2 is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration; additionally, volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute CO2 ...
... are essential to all organisms • Carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere • CO2 is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration; additionally, volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute CO2 ...
species interactions in intertidal food webs: prey or predation
... Abstract. Most natural food webs have more than one predator species, and many have trophic interactions among these predators. When a top predator feeds on an intermediate predator and they both feed on a shared basal resource, a phenomenon labeled intraguild predation (IGP), the potential exists f ...
... Abstract. Most natural food webs have more than one predator species, and many have trophic interactions among these predators. When a top predator feeds on an intermediate predator and they both feed on a shared basal resource, a phenomenon labeled intraguild predation (IGP), the potential exists f ...
File - Links Biology Website
... Identify when a population is growing or decreasing Look at a graph determine if it is exponential or logistic Describe the differences between exponential growth and logistic growth What is ecology? How much energy is lost from trophic level to trophic level? How much energy is retained? Food chain ...
... Identify when a population is growing or decreasing Look at a graph determine if it is exponential or logistic Describe the differences between exponential growth and logistic growth What is ecology? How much energy is lost from trophic level to trophic level? How much energy is retained? Food chain ...
MANN, K. H. Production and use of detritus in various freshwater
... In most situations more energy and materials flow through detritus food webs than through grazer food webs. Of the total primary production of a system, more is transmitted to other trophic levels from dead decomposing plant tissue than from living tissue consumed by a grazer. Nevertheless, those wh ...
... In most situations more energy and materials flow through detritus food webs than through grazer food webs. Of the total primary production of a system, more is transmitted to other trophic levels from dead decomposing plant tissue than from living tissue consumed by a grazer. Nevertheless, those wh ...
A keystone predator controls bacterial diversity in the pitcher
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
... Bacterial assemblages may be structured by many forces at both local and regional scales. They are integrated into complex food webs and their composition, in terms of species diversity and cell abundance, may be controlled by a combination of ‘top-down’ factors, such as grazing by predators, and ‘b ...
as a PDF
... biomass and mean individual growth rates over a year expressed as new tissue produced per unit of area) varies greatly from stream to stream. Production of salmonids is relatively low in most streams world wide. but a few streams are very productive (Figure 15.1) although not as productive as stream ...
... biomass and mean individual growth rates over a year expressed as new tissue produced per unit of area) varies greatly from stream to stream. Production of salmonids is relatively low in most streams world wide. but a few streams are very productive (Figure 15.1) although not as productive as stream ...
Fragoso 2005 Trophic strucure tropics
... and others), found that predators regulated their prey populations at high but not low densities in the boreal forest of Canada, and that this effect did not cascade down to plant populations. To date, support for the existence of trophic cascades and their role in influencing trophic structure come ...
... and others), found that predators regulated their prey populations at high but not low densities in the boreal forest of Canada, and that this effect did not cascade down to plant populations. To date, support for the existence of trophic cascades and their role in influencing trophic structure come ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... can therefore be controlled through top-down mechanisms, such as predation [3–5], or through bottom-up constraints on primary production, such as soil fertility (Figure 1) [6–9]. Trophic cascades in linear models of herbivore regulation (Figure 1) involve the knock-on effects of predation expressed ...
... can therefore be controlled through top-down mechanisms, such as predation [3–5], or through bottom-up constraints on primary production, such as soil fertility (Figure 1) [6–9]. Trophic cascades in linear models of herbivore regulation (Figure 1) involve the knock-on effects of predation expressed ...
Guide to - Duke Farms
... Plant communities in this region change from place to place. For example, oaks, hickories and pines are common in drier soils; maples, beech, and ash in moister areas. Hundreds of other plant species live under the canopy that these trees provide. Woodland habitats have great value as suppliers of t ...
... Plant communities in this region change from place to place. For example, oaks, hickories and pines are common in drier soils; maples, beech, and ash in moister areas. Hundreds of other plant species live under the canopy that these trees provide. Woodland habitats have great value as suppliers of t ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.