Bust economics: foragers choose high quality habitats in
... We used two different methods to determine whether the dunnarts selected patches based on the initial density of resources. First, we ran a generalized linear model (GLM) using the number of mealworms consumed during a round as the dependent variable. We also ran a GLM using the proportion of mealwo ...
... We used two different methods to determine whether the dunnarts selected patches based on the initial density of resources. First, we ran a generalized linear model (GLM) using the number of mealworms consumed during a round as the dependent variable. We also ran a GLM using the proportion of mealwo ...
Johnson et al. 2010 eating parasites
... Furthermore, they contribute to prey biomass for the top predators. Redrawn from [94]. ...
... Furthermore, they contribute to prey biomass for the top predators. Redrawn from [94]. ...
When parasites become prey - University of Colorado Boulder
... Furthermore, they contribute to prey biomass for the top predators. Redrawn from [94]. ...
... Furthermore, they contribute to prey biomass for the top predators. Redrawn from [94]. ...
Ciliate (Euplotes sp.) predation by Pseudodiaptomus annandalei
... the presence and absence of an algal diet. The experimental protocol included the following: (a) ciliate prey alone, (b) ciliates with I. galbana, (c) ciliates with T. chui, and (d) ciliates with I. galbana and T. chui. Known-age individuals of P. annandalei were collected from stock cultures and tr ...
... the presence and absence of an algal diet. The experimental protocol included the following: (a) ciliate prey alone, (b) ciliates with I. galbana, (c) ciliates with T. chui, and (d) ciliates with I. galbana and T. chui. Known-age individuals of P. annandalei were collected from stock cultures and tr ...
Biological Stoichiometry: A Chemical Bridge between Ecosystem
... hereafter) in the overall WOS database, as well as in articles published in the American Naturalist. Before 1991 (when only titles were included in Science Citation Index), cooccurrences of “ecosystem” with “evolution” were sporadic but tended to increase after 1970, and only one article was identif ...
... hereafter) in the overall WOS database, as well as in articles published in the American Naturalist. Before 1991 (when only titles were included in Science Citation Index), cooccurrences of “ecosystem” with “evolution” were sporadic but tended to increase after 1970, and only one article was identif ...
The assembly and disassembly of ecological networks in a changing world
... forming complex networks of ecological interactions, has puzzled ecologists for many generations. It is one of the main unresolved mysteries of our world, one that could be paired with other important phenomena studied by the sciences such as what are the causes behind dynamical changes in weather p ...
... forming complex networks of ecological interactions, has puzzled ecologists for many generations. It is one of the main unresolved mysteries of our world, one that could be paired with other important phenomena studied by the sciences such as what are the causes behind dynamical changes in weather p ...
7th gd Ecosystems And Biomes
... In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air. ...
... In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air. ...
Patch area, substrate depth, and richness affect giving
... In order to increase energy benefits and reduce effort, foragers should bias their efforts towards patches with smaller areas (higher concentration of food per unit area), shallower substrates (greater ease of food encounter) and higher total resource abundance (for a fixed area and substrate depth) ...
... In order to increase energy benefits and reduce effort, foragers should bias their efforts towards patches with smaller areas (higher concentration of food per unit area), shallower substrates (greater ease of food encounter) and higher total resource abundance (for a fixed area and substrate depth) ...
Chapters 3,4 and 6: Ecology
... bacteria into compounds that can be used by autotrophs. The Nitrogen cycle includes the following reactions: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 2. Nitrates are used by plants for the synthesis of ...
... bacteria into compounds that can be used by autotrophs. The Nitrogen cycle includes the following reactions: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 2. Nitrates are used by plants for the synthesis of ...
Freshwater autotrophic picoplankton: a review
... Autotrophic picoplankton (APP) are distributed worldwide and are ubiquitous in all types of lakes of varying trophic state. APP are major players in carbon production in all aquatic ecosystems, including extreme environments such as cold ice-covered and/or warm tropical lakes and thermal springs. Th ...
... Autotrophic picoplankton (APP) are distributed worldwide and are ubiquitous in all types of lakes of varying trophic state. APP are major players in carbon production in all aquatic ecosystems, including extreme environments such as cold ice-covered and/or warm tropical lakes and thermal springs. Th ...
Analysis of adaptive foraging in an intraguild predation system
... described by Abrams (1992). In the IGP system described above, intermediate predators exhibit antipredator behavior. Top predators are predation-free, and they are assumed to forage at their maximum capability. We also assume that basal prey do not exhibit adaptive foraging behavior, meaning the pre ...
... described by Abrams (1992). In the IGP system described above, intermediate predators exhibit antipredator behavior. Top predators are predation-free, and they are assumed to forage at their maximum capability. We also assume that basal prey do not exhibit adaptive foraging behavior, meaning the pre ...
Biogeochemical Cycles
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Questions for Chapter 55 – Dynamics of Ecosystems
... 90%) as energy is transferred to each higher level, it would be reasonable to expect that the ectotherm-dominated food chains would be longer than the endotherm-dominated chains. In fact, there is some indirect evidence for this from real food chains, and it is also predicted by some advanced ecolog ...
... 90%) as energy is transferred to each higher level, it would be reasonable to expect that the ectotherm-dominated food chains would be longer than the endotherm-dominated chains. In fact, there is some indirect evidence for this from real food chains, and it is also predicted by some advanced ecolog ...
Complex interactions link the microbial
... oligotrich abundance compared to the no-cyclopoid controls (Fig. 1). However, when other metazooplankton were present, C. abyssorum had no impact on these three ciliate species. The C. abyssorum-zooplankton interaction was significant for Strombidium sp. and Strobilidium sp. 1 (P < 0.05) while a sim ...
... oligotrich abundance compared to the no-cyclopoid controls (Fig. 1). However, when other metazooplankton were present, C. abyssorum had no impact on these three ciliate species. The C. abyssorum-zooplankton interaction was significant for Strombidium sp. and Strobilidium sp. 1 (P < 0.05) while a sim ...
Pausch J., Kramer S., Scharroba A., Scheunemann N
... 1. The complexity of soil food webs and the cryptic habitat hamper the analyses of pools, fluxes and turnover rates of carbon (C) in organisms and the insight into their interactions. Stable isotope analysis has been increasingly used to disentangle soil food web structure, yet it has not been applie ...
... 1. The complexity of soil food webs and the cryptic habitat hamper the analyses of pools, fluxes and turnover rates of carbon (C) in organisms and the insight into their interactions. Stable isotope analysis has been increasingly used to disentangle soil food web structure, yet it has not been applie ...
Experimental demonstration of a trophic cascade in the Gal#_#
... While there are many reasons why trophic cascades may be context-dependent and the predictions of trophic cascade theory are unsupported in species rich tropical–subtropical communities [9,16] the methodology used to test for trophic cascades may also influence the outcome. For example, with a few e ...
... While there are many reasons why trophic cascades may be context-dependent and the predictions of trophic cascade theory are unsupported in species rich tropical–subtropical communities [9,16] the methodology used to test for trophic cascades may also influence the outcome. For example, with a few e ...
Study Guide: Unit 1 AP Environmental Science
... Be able to define heterotroph/consumer. Be able to distinguish between primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores/omnivores), tertiary consumers (3rd level consumers), decomposers and detritivores (detritus feeders) and give an example of each. Be able to explain there is a one- ...
... Be able to define heterotroph/consumer. Be able to distinguish between primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores/omnivores), tertiary consumers (3rd level consumers), decomposers and detritivores (detritus feeders) and give an example of each. Be able to explain there is a one- ...
Biodiversity and the functioning of seagrass ecosystems
... ecosystems. Several themes emerge from a review of the mostly indirect evidence and the few experiments that explicitly manipulated diversity in seagrass systems. First, because many seagrass communities are dominated by 1 or a few plant species, genetic and phenotypic diversity within such foundati ...
... ecosystems. Several themes emerge from a review of the mostly indirect evidence and the few experiments that explicitly manipulated diversity in seagrass systems. First, because many seagrass communities are dominated by 1 or a few plant species, genetic and phenotypic diversity within such foundati ...
as a PDF
... have a 3- to 4-yr cycle in the forests of Norway and Sweden. Fluctuations of black-tailed jackrabbits in Utah, near the species' northern limit, exhibit an approximate 10-yr periodicity. Cyclic declines in snowshoe and Arctic hare populations having 10-yr cycles of abundance are likely initiated by ...
... have a 3- to 4-yr cycle in the forests of Norway and Sweden. Fluctuations of black-tailed jackrabbits in Utah, near the species' northern limit, exhibit an approximate 10-yr periodicity. Cyclic declines in snowshoe and Arctic hare populations having 10-yr cycles of abundance are likely initiated by ...
WINSLOW Biology Quick View Biology Standards Washington State
... benefits and the shark is not affected either positively or negatively. Community: all of the species that live together in the same habitat and interact with each other. Consumer: an organism that gets its food by feeding on other organisms. Decomposer: an organism that gets its food by breaking do ...
... benefits and the shark is not affected either positively or negatively. Community: all of the species that live together in the same habitat and interact with each other. Consumer: an organism that gets its food by feeding on other organisms. Decomposer: an organism that gets its food by breaking do ...
Prey size, prey nutrition, and food handling by shrews of different
... they hoarded, abandoned, and left on trays (W ⫽ 43–55, p ⫽ .002–.027). However, the proportions of nonutilized food were still quite high (37.3% in N. anomalus and 43.0% in N. fodiens), and they did not differ significantly from proportions of utilized food (Figure 1a). Interspecific comparisons rev ...
... they hoarded, abandoned, and left on trays (W ⫽ 43–55, p ⫽ .002–.027). However, the proportions of nonutilized food were still quite high (37.3% in N. anomalus and 43.0% in N. fodiens), and they did not differ significantly from proportions of utilized food (Figure 1a). Interspecific comparisons rev ...
Canada Of lemmings and snowshoe hares: the
... strength of the interactions between species and in particular to discover the relative importance of species in the overall food web. The key herbivore species in these systems are lemmings and snowshoe hares, and it is these species that I concentrate on in this review. Population fluctuations in ...
... strength of the interactions between species and in particular to discover the relative importance of species in the overall food web. The key herbivore species in these systems are lemmings and snowshoe hares, and it is these species that I concentrate on in this review. Population fluctuations in ...
Diet of Jungle Crows in an Urban Landscape
... small pieces, and they feed their young in their nests directly from the gular pouch, making it hard to identify the food items by video recording. They gather at communal roosts in the evening, and regularly regurgitate indigestible portions of food as pellets (Yamagishi, 1982). Since the pellets a ...
... small pieces, and they feed their young in their nests directly from the gular pouch, making it hard to identify the food items by video recording. They gather at communal roosts in the evening, and regularly regurgitate indigestible portions of food as pellets (Yamagishi, 1982). Since the pellets a ...
ppt檔案 - 國立臺南大學
... Foraging can test the optimality theory It is easy to fit into a modeling framework Foraging is divided into a series of decisions which can be focused on one at a time i.e. what to eat, where to look for food, how long to search an area, what sort of path to take through an area A logical ...
... Foraging can test the optimality theory It is easy to fit into a modeling framework Foraging is divided into a series of decisions which can be focused on one at a time i.e. what to eat, where to look for food, how long to search an area, what sort of path to take through an area A logical ...
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
... Our model is a simple representation of a nutrient-limited food web, which makes a number of simplifying assumptions in describing how parasites affect hosts. Although there is a tremendous diversity of ways in which parasites affect hosts, we present our model as a significant starting point in unde ...
... Our model is a simple representation of a nutrient-limited food web, which makes a number of simplifying assumptions in describing how parasites affect hosts. Although there is a tremendous diversity of ways in which parasites affect hosts, we present our model as a significant starting point in unde ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.