Download BIOSPHERE Chapter 3

Energy Flow in the Biosphere,
Chapter 3-1 & 3-2
http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/~ttavk/weltkarten/globen/1997-1998-biosphere-Nasa.jpg
REMEMBER CELL BIO
INTEREST GRABBER- THINK BACK TO CHAPTER 7
ATOMS
________
MOLECULES
__________
ORGANELLES
 ___________
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
CELLS
TISSUES
____________
 ____________

Similar cells
working together
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
ORGAN
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
___________  __________
Different tissues
working together
ORGANISM
___________
Different organs
working together
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
ORGANISMS
POPULATIONS
COMMUNITY
___________________________________
SAME SPECIES
LIVING TOGETHER
IN AN AREA
Ex: “herd”
DIFFERENT
POPULATIONS
LIVING TOGETHER
IN AN AREA
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall;2006
ECOSYSTEMS
BIOMES
BIOSPHERE
_______________________
_____________
All the organisms that
live in a place together
with their NON-living
environment
Group of ecosystems
that have same climate
and similar communities
The portion of the planet
in which all life exists
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
Organisms so similar to one another
that they can breed and produce
SPECIES
fertile offspring = _____________
http://suedafrika.net/bluegifs/twooryx.jpg
http://environnement.ecoles.free.fr/Site-chevaux/images/etalon_quarter_horse_genuine_redskin.jpg
http://www.caribbeanart.com/art/j-portrait-donkey.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule
EX: Horse X donkey = mule
64 chromosomes
62 chromosomes
63 chromosomes
Horses and donkeys are different species.
If you breed them, the result is a mule
which can NOT have offspring!
The scientific study of interactions of
organisms with each other and with
their environment =
ECOLOGY
______________
The portion of the planet in which all
BIOSPHERE
life exists = _________________
(includes land, water, atmosphere)
Extends from about
8 km above the Earth’s surface
to 11 km below the ocean’s surface
http://jaeger.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Images/Topographic/Whole_Earth/Earth_100.jpg
WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM?
__________________
BIOTIC FACTORS
All the living things an
organism interacts with
ABIOTIC FACTORS
__________________
All the non-living things that
affect an organism
Ex: climate, temperature, sunlight
soil, humidity, wind
Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
HABITAT
__________________
= The area where an organism lives
A rattlesnake lives in a desert in the American
Southwest
http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/snake/animalwild089-RattleSnake-FaceCloseup.jpg
http://www.rvstogophx.com/images/arizona_desert_sm.jpg
NICHE
_____________
= place it lives PLUS the
abiotic
biotic
_____________
& ______________
interactions it has in that place
NICHE includes: Where it lives PLUS . . .
What it eats? What eats it?
Where in the habitat it lives?
In a tree, in a pond, underground
Its actions… hibernating, migrating, etc
When & how it reproduces?
http://www.electricwomen.com/hunterspoint/images/21-street-sign-moreell.jpg
HABITAT vs NICHE?
Habitat is like an
organism’s
address
____________
Niche is like an
OCCUPATION
organism’s ______________
http://resmedicinae.sourceforge.net/logos/doctor.png
http://www.michcampgrounds.com/yogibears/yogi-picnic-cartoon.jpg
http://www.formaui.org/kamalii/critters.htm
NO TWO SPECIES CAN
SHARE THE SAME NICHE !
Competitive exclusion principle
= ______________________________
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
The Earth is SOLAR POWERED!
SUNLIGHT
_____________
is the main
source of energy for life on
Earth.
http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS
Can make their own food
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Most autotrophs use _______________
to capture solar energy
Main producers on land
= green plants
In water = algae
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Some autotrophs can make own food in the
absence of light
____________________
They use energy stored in
chemical bonds
________________
of
INORGANIC MOLECULES
______________________to
produce
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
carbohydrates = ___________________
Ex: Bacteria that
live in HOSTILE places
Like volcano vents, hot springs,
marshes
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
CONSUMERS
HETEROTROPHS = ____________
Get energy from consuming other
organisms
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
HERBIVORES =
________________
eat only plants
CARNIVORES =
________________
eat only animals
OMNIVORES
________________
=
eat both plants & animals
http://gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/_more2003/_more09/elephant-eating-greenery-in-Addo-Park-Eastern-Cape-South-Africa-2-WL.jpg
http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif
http://www.rodsguide.com/bears/eating.jpg
HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
DETRITIVORES =
________________
feed on plant & animal remains
EX: mites, earthworms,
snails, crabs
DECOMPOSERS =
________________
break down and absorb
organic matter
EX: bacteria & fungi
http://montereybayphotos.com/images/nature/2.jpg
http://www.fwnp.com/bracket-fungi.htm
Energy flows through an ecosystem in a
series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by being eaten
________________
CONSUMERS
(Heterotrophs)
↑
↑
PRODUCERS
_________________
(Autotrophs)
FOOD CHAIN
= _________________
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/foodchain.jpg
Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
In most
ecosystems
feeding
relationships
are more
complex
A ______________
links ALL the food chains in
FOOD WEB
an ecosystem together.
Each step in a food
chain or web =
TROPHIC LEVEL
_______________
______________
PRODUCERS
ALWAYS
make up the
________
FIRST
trophic level.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
Lower levels must be
bigger to support the
level above.
10% of
Only about_____
the energy from
each level is passed
on.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
Some energy is used
for life processes
such as growth,
development,
movement,
metabolism,
transport, and
reproduction.
The rest is
HEAT
lost as ________
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Na+ - K + PUMP
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Animation from: http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm
See a movie
Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html
WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Movement
Synthesis of
biomolecules
Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/
Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe
Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp
Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif
Translation:
Growth and
Development
REPRODUCTION
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg
http://www.dimijianimages.com/Aggression-defense-page4/vultures.jpg
WAYS ORGANISMS
INTERACT
4-2
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
http://www.uark.edu/depts/agripub/Publications/Agnews/mosquito.jpg
Ways organisms interact
______________________
COMPETITION
Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Compete with each other for available resources
PREDATION
__________________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs
COOPERATION
__________________________
Between SAME kind of organisms
Live together and help each other
SYMBIOSIS
__________________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
live in close association with another kind of organism
WHAT IS A RESOURCE?
Anything
needed by an organism for life
____________________________________________
Examples:
Nutrients, water, light, space
________________________
COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources. FOOD
http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg
http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr3/community3.jpg
COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources: shelter
http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5K538R/$File/fox_adultandcub.jpg
http://www.gdccc.org/Records/EOY2004/NSEOY.htm
COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources
mates
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/thumb/3/34/200px-Peacock_courting_peahen.jpg
COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources: space/territory
http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg
Prairie dogs - 5 to 35 per acre
Mountain lion- 1 male per 50-300 sq. mi
http://www.rilanationalpark.org/gr.phtml?dir=../../pictures/in_text&img=/65_1180.jpg
COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources: LIGHT
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
http://www.csjbacau.ro/gallery/images/Beech%20Tree%20Forest%20in%20Slanic%20Moldova.jpg
Ways organisms interact
PREDATION
___________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Hunt and kill other organisms to supply
their energy needs
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
PREDATION
Organisms in an ecosystem that capture
and eat other organisms to supply their
energy needs
http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/images/wspred_6.jpg
INTERDEPENDENCE
All living and non-living things in an
ecosystem are interconnected and changing
even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem.
When one tugs at a single thing in nature,
he finds it attached to the rest of the world.
~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder
COMPETITION
If resources are scarce, some organisms
will starve and populations will decrease.
If resources become more plentiful,
populations will increase.
Competition in nature often results
in a winner and a loser
. . . with the loser failing to survive!
SHORT SUPPLY
If a nutrient is in _____________
CYCLES SLOWLY
OR __________________
it will LIMIT the growth of the
population
LIMITING FACTOR
= _____________
During this drought,
there was not enough food
available and many kangaroos
starved.
http://www.wspa-international.org/exhibition/gallery/large_DeadKenyan%20droughtSPANA.jpg
REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED !
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve.
Fewer predators mean prey population will increase.
Increase in prey means more food for predators.
Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . .
and the cycle repeats itself.
LIMITING NUTRIENT
The short
supply of a
limiting
nutrient keeps
the population
in check.
http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/algae-bloom.jpg
When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input
of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the
BLOOM
population increases dramatically = ALGAL
___________
Ways organisms interact
COOPERATION
__________________
Between SAME kind of organisms
Live together and help each other
http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg
COOPERATION
Same species live together in groups
EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Share food &
childcare responsibilities
Groom each other
Take care of sick
http://www.kenyatravelideas.com/african-elephants.html
http://www.sphoto.com/medium/meercats37.jpg
http://people.uleth.ca/~d.rendall/groom4.jpg
COOPERATION
Same species live together in groups
EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Hunt in packs
Provide protection
http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg
http://rosswarner.com/zebras1.jpg
Ways organisms interact
SYMBIOSIS
__________________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Live in close association with another kind
of organism
http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg
3 KINDS of SYMBIOSIS
______________________
MUTUALISM
Both organisms benefit
COMMENSALISM
______________________
One organism benefits;
Other is neither harmed nor helped
_____________________
PARASITISM
One organism benefits;
Other is harmed in some way
MUTUALISM
“Good for me - Good for you”
Birds eat parasites living
on the hides of giraffes and
rhinos while enjoying
protection from predators.
Groomed animals lose their
pests.
http://www.imbt.org/science.htm
http://www.hugheshome.net/jon/africa02/images/rhino_bird_JPG.jpg
MUTUALISM
“Good for me - Good for you”
Insects transfer pollen
between plants as they
gather nectar for food.
http://www.providence.edu/bio/faculty/adams/LECTUREProvCollegeMutualism.html
http://www.yksd.com/DistanceEdCourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/SecondQuarterLessons/Chapter5/5-5/images/3-way-mutualism.jpg
MUTUALISM
“Good for me - Good for you”
Clown fish gets protection from enemies
by hiding out in poisonous sea anemones
Sea anemone gets
scraps of leftover
food dropped
by fish
http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg
COMMENSALISM
“Good for me - Doesn’t bother you”
http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16shark.gif
Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark;
Shark is neither harmed nor helped
COMMENSALISM
“Good for me - Doesn’t bother you”
http://www.abyssal.com/meeks/images/hermit_crab.jpg
Hermit crabs make homes in shells abandoned by snails;
Snail is not harmed by crab
PARASITISM
“Good for me - Hurts you”
http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16parasitism.whale.gif
Barnacles are crustaceans that attach to the surface of whales
and feed on their skin and fluids; Whale is harmed
PARASITISM
“Good for me - Hurts you”
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/guineafowltickphotos.htm
Tick feeds on dog’s blood;
Dog has discomfort, can get diseases/infection from bite
PARASITISM
“Good for me - Hurts you”
Tapeworms absorb
food by living inside
host intestine;
host is harmed
http://www.biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to
one another and the environment.
9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that
can cause changes in stability of populations,
communities, and ecosystems.
•
•
Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches
and symbiotic relationships.
Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions.
Examples:
Dormancy and migration
Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter)
Biogeochemical cycles
Energy flow
Cooperation and competition in ecosystems
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another
and the environment.
9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can
cause changes in stability of populations, communities,
and ecosystems.
• Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic
relationships.
• Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions.
Examples:
Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter)
Energy flow
Core High School
Life/Earth Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level:
given pictorial representations of the H20 and C
cycles explain how elements and compounds move
between living and nonliving systems
describe one factor that may affect global climate
predict how life systems respond to changes in
the environment;
explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living
and non-living systems;
describe how various factors may affect global
climate;
IMAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm
Paint image by Riedell
Paint image by Riedell
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html#Organic%20molecules
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.html
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
http://classes.kumc.edu/som/bioc801/lectures/images/mem01-08.gif
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html
http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
http://www.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/~anatomy2/BON/1016A03.jpg
http://www.carolguze.com/text/102-19-tissuesorgansystems.shtml
http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147b.gif
http://www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/fungus/fungus.html
http://www.harrythecat.com/graphics/
http://bestanimations.com
http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm