
digoxin .125 mg - Observant Nomad
... nursing digoxin use in children digoxin liquid albuterol and digoxin the side effects of digoxin, digoxin chronotropic. elevated digoxin cyclosporin digoxin cardiac defects digoxin useage in dogs digoxin 125 recall, omeprazole and digoxin interactions digoxin swine, market of digoxin base of digoxin ...
... nursing digoxin use in children digoxin liquid albuterol and digoxin the side effects of digoxin, digoxin chronotropic. elevated digoxin cyclosporin digoxin cardiac defects digoxin useage in dogs digoxin 125 recall, omeprazole and digoxin interactions digoxin swine, market of digoxin base of digoxin ...
“Psychoactive substances present in Salvia divinorum acquired in
... Nowadays, Salvia divinorum is considered one of the most popular recreational drugs among adolescents, being legally commercialized in many countries in “smart shops” and internet websites. In the present research, the hallucinogenic compound of the drug, salvinorin A, was identified and quantified, ...
... Nowadays, Salvia divinorum is considered one of the most popular recreational drugs among adolescents, being legally commercialized in many countries in “smart shops” and internet websites. In the present research, the hallucinogenic compound of the drug, salvinorin A, was identified and quantified, ...
Cytochrome P450 2E1 is the Principal Catalyst of Human Oxidative
... vial. Experiments using cDNA-expressed protein were carried out similarly using typical protein concentrations of 1 mg/ml and incubation times of 60 or 90 min. Metabolites and internal standards were analyzed by ion HPLC with conductivity detection. Analyses were performed using a DX300 HPLC-IC syst ...
... vial. Experiments using cDNA-expressed protein were carried out similarly using typical protein concentrations of 1 mg/ml and incubation times of 60 or 90 min. Metabolites and internal standards were analyzed by ion HPLC with conductivity detection. Analyses were performed using a DX300 HPLC-IC syst ...
PDF - Cosmetic Ingredient Review
... glycogen.16,18 Glycerin kinase is also found in intestinal mucosa, brown adipose tissue, lymphatic tissue, lung and pancreas. Glycerin may also combine with free fatty acids in the liver to form triglycerides (lipogenesis) that can be distributed to adipose tissues. The glycerin turnover rate is dir ...
... glycogen.16,18 Glycerin kinase is also found in intestinal mucosa, brown adipose tissue, lymphatic tissue, lung and pancreas. Glycerin may also combine with free fatty acids in the liver to form triglycerides (lipogenesis) that can be distributed to adipose tissues. The glycerin turnover rate is dir ...
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Performance
... independence. The additivity model of dose-additive combinations is based on the assumption that alprazolam and caffeine act alike, i.e., that alprazolam acts like caffeine or vice versa. Then, the combination of alprazolam plus caffeine should behave as if it were a combination of alprazolam and al ...
... independence. The additivity model of dose-additive combinations is based on the assumption that alprazolam and caffeine act alike, i.e., that alprazolam acts like caffeine or vice versa. Then, the combination of alprazolam plus caffeine should behave as if it were a combination of alprazolam and al ...
ibogaine: a review
... addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. Ibogaine’s effects may result from complex interactions between multiple neurotransmitter systems rather than predominant activity within a single neurotrans ...
... addiction, and its mechanism of action does not appear to be readily explained on the basis of existing pharmacologic approaches to addiction. Ibogaine’s effects may result from complex interactions between multiple neurotransmitter systems rather than predominant activity within a single neurotrans ...
Enhancing the Delivery of Resveratrol in Humans
... human plasma, and this may be sufficient to achieve some of the physiological benefits demonstrated in laboratory models from trans-resveratrol alone [35,45,55]. Theoretically, greater dosages could be used to maximize resveratrol exposure, but larger dosages of resveratrol may also be associated wi ...
... human plasma, and this may be sufficient to achieve some of the physiological benefits demonstrated in laboratory models from trans-resveratrol alone [35,45,55]. Theoretically, greater dosages could be used to maximize resveratrol exposure, but larger dosages of resveratrol may also be associated wi ...
A Closer Look at the Risks vs. Benefits of Kava (Piper methysticum)
... mg/day of kavalactones are well tolerated with an average dose of 300 mg/day in single or divided doses. Currently, there is insufficient data for safety and efficacy for Kava use in pediatrics. 1 There is a widespread concern regarding hepatotoxicity with Kava use. Reports of liver damage, cirrhosi ...
... mg/day of kavalactones are well tolerated with an average dose of 300 mg/day in single or divided doses. Currently, there is insufficient data for safety and efficacy for Kava use in pediatrics. 1 There is a widespread concern regarding hepatotoxicity with Kava use. Reports of liver damage, cirrhosi ...
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... investigated (Singer et al., 1995). Dubocovich (1988) reported that melatonin binding sites have been found in most areas of the human brain, but they appear to be most abundant in the hypothalamus. There are many reports in the literature relating sleep disturbances to lower levels of nightly melat ...
... investigated (Singer et al., 1995). Dubocovich (1988) reported that melatonin binding sites have been found in most areas of the human brain, but they appear to be most abundant in the hypothalamus. There are many reports in the literature relating sleep disturbances to lower levels of nightly melat ...
Vol 1 Pg 22 ACETAMINOPHEN PRODUCTS
... Furthermore, McNeil disagrees with FDA’s proposal to use the term “severe” to qualify liver damage, as the term “severe” is not necessary for a liver warning for acetaminophen. In describing events, use of modifiers such as “severe” across the category of OTC analgesics must be consistently applied ...
... Furthermore, McNeil disagrees with FDA’s proposal to use the term “severe” to qualify liver damage, as the term “severe” is not necessary for a liver warning for acetaminophen. In describing events, use of modifiers such as “severe” across the category of OTC analgesics must be consistently applied ...
Preview the material
... make more glutathione. When hepatic glutathione stores have been depleted to approximately 70% of pre-exposure levels - a process that takes approximately about 8 hours - NAPQI covalently binds to hepatocytes and liver damage will occur.3,5 The precise mechanisms by which NAPQI damages the hepatocyt ...
... make more glutathione. When hepatic glutathione stores have been depleted to approximately 70% of pre-exposure levels - a process that takes approximately about 8 hours - NAPQI covalently binds to hepatocytes and liver damage will occur.3,5 The precise mechanisms by which NAPQI damages the hepatocyt ...
R A EVIEW RTICLE
... Nicotine increases heart rate and myocardial contractility, constricts some blood vessels, and transiently increases blood pressure. For additional details and references, the reader is referred to another recent review.[3] With prolonged or repeated exposures to nicotine, many nicotine receptors be ...
... Nicotine increases heart rate and myocardial contractility, constricts some blood vessels, and transiently increases blood pressure. For additional details and references, the reader is referred to another recent review.[3] With prolonged or repeated exposures to nicotine, many nicotine receptors be ...
Drug Design - Problems in Prediction
... pEC50 = 7.80 (about 16 nM), binds also to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and inhibits cellular anandamide uptake. ...
... pEC50 = 7.80 (about 16 nM), binds also to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and inhibits cellular anandamide uptake. ...
The interaction between cyanobacteria and zooplankton in a more
... traits can evolve rapidly (Lemaire et al., 2011). Increased cyanobacteria can induce phenotypic adaptations over the lifetime of individual zooplankton (Gustafsson et al., 2005), and select for better-adapted zooplankton genotypes (Hairston et al., 1999) or species (Hansson et al., 2007a,b). Thus, a ...
... traits can evolve rapidly (Lemaire et al., 2011). Increased cyanobacteria can induce phenotypic adaptations over the lifetime of individual zooplankton (Gustafsson et al., 2005), and select for better-adapted zooplankton genotypes (Hairston et al., 1999) or species (Hansson et al., 2007a,b). Thus, a ...
Clearing of Metabolic Waste via Enterohepatic Recirculation Table
... A thorough literature research using Science Citation Index was conducted, covering the years from 1971 until present (182 articles were studied). Search criteria included all references to enterohepatic recirculation. This resulted in many references including the filtering from the bloodstream of ...
... A thorough literature research using Science Citation Index was conducted, covering the years from 1971 until present (182 articles were studied). Search criteria included all references to enterohepatic recirculation. This resulted in many references including the filtering from the bloodstream of ...
Poisoning and Drug Overdose
... omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each d ...
... omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each d ...
Reviews Essential Tremor - Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic
... Improvement is mostly derived from the central nervous system (CNS), based on weight-loading studies, lack of immediate effect with arteriole infusion, and reduced cerebellar activity on PET following ingestion.14–16 Ethanol may additionally improve tremor via peripheral mechanisms as it has been sh ...
... Improvement is mostly derived from the central nervous system (CNS), based on weight-loading studies, lack of immediate effect with arteriole infusion, and reduced cerebellar activity on PET following ingestion.14–16 Ethanol may additionally improve tremor via peripheral mechanisms as it has been sh ...
Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Distribution and Abundance
... Table 2-1 Location of sites used in survey of soybean aphid populations and landscape parameters. Soybean fields were located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada……….…....24 Table 2-2: Parameters used in analysis for predicting aphid populations using landscape parameters. Aphid presence, colonization an ...
... Table 2-1 Location of sites used in survey of soybean aphid populations and landscape parameters. Soybean fields were located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada……….…....24 Table 2-2: Parameters used in analysis for predicting aphid populations using landscape parameters. Aphid presence, colonization an ...
Timolol Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes Is Mediated
... interaction properties of timolol in vitro. Four metabolites were identified, the most abundant being a hydroxy metabolite, M1. The Km value for the formation of M1 was 23.8 M in human liver microsomes. Metabolism of timolol with recombinant P450s and correlation analysis have confirmed the concept ...
... interaction properties of timolol in vitro. Four metabolites were identified, the most abundant being a hydroxy metabolite, M1. The Km value for the formation of M1 was 23.8 M in human liver microsomes. Metabolism of timolol with recombinant P450s and correlation analysis have confirmed the concept ...
Poisons Information Monograph 859
... picrotoxin binding site. Thus the seizures caused by gamma-HCH can be antagonized by GABAA mimetics. Other suggestive data concerning mechanisms by which HCH causes neurological effects in animals includes enhanced synaptic activity, altered GABA functional activity, and inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase. ...
... picrotoxin binding site. Thus the seizures caused by gamma-HCH can be antagonized by GABAA mimetics. Other suggestive data concerning mechanisms by which HCH causes neurological effects in animals includes enhanced synaptic activity, altered GABA functional activity, and inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase. ...
Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on
... impacts, and the tools currently used for ozone risk assessment, are capable of evaluating the consequences of these changing global patterns of exposure to ozone. Risk assessment based on relationships between external concentration and plant response is inadequate for these new challenges. New mod ...
... impacts, and the tools currently used for ozone risk assessment, are capable of evaluating the consequences of these changing global patterns of exposure to ozone. Risk assessment based on relationships between external concentration and plant response is inadequate for these new challenges. New mod ...
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF OPIOIDS, STIMULANTS, AND
... seen in mice at doses up to 100 mg/kg, indicating that any opioid component in its profile is small. The lack of activity of NIH 11220 led to the consideration of NIH 11235, which has a basic nitrogen generally considered essential for mu opioid activity (Casy and Parfitt, 1986). Little improvement ...
... seen in mice at doses up to 100 mg/kg, indicating that any opioid component in its profile is small. The lack of activity of NIH 11220 led to the consideration of NIH 11235, which has a basic nitrogen generally considered essential for mu opioid activity (Casy and Parfitt, 1986). Little improvement ...
DigiFab Digoxin Toxicity
... Digoxin: Laboratory Analyses Digoxin levels in the poisoned patient Obtaining an immediate digoxin level in an acutely poisoned patient will not reflect the peak serum level as the distribution phase of digoxin is long. An initial 4-6 hour post-ingestion level is appropriate. ...
... Digoxin: Laboratory Analyses Digoxin levels in the poisoned patient Obtaining an immediate digoxin level in an acutely poisoned patient will not reflect the peak serum level as the distribution phase of digoxin is long. An initial 4-6 hour post-ingestion level is appropriate. ...
Cardiovascular adverse effects of metoclopramide: Review of literature
... 30–32] and ST depression [28, 30]. Cases of congestive heart failure have occurred following chronic metoclopramide at doses of 40 mg/day [31]. In patients with heart failure, metoclopramide at doses of 10 mg three times a day blunted the natriuretic response to saline load [34]. The authors conclud ...
... 30–32] and ST depression [28, 30]. Cases of congestive heart failure have occurred following chronic metoclopramide at doses of 40 mg/day [31]. In patients with heart failure, metoclopramide at doses of 10 mg three times a day blunted the natriuretic response to saline load [34]. The authors conclud ...
Toxicodynamics

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.