Neurologic Effects of Caffeine - Health301Co
... nucleus (extrapyramidal motor system) and the neural structures regulating the sleepwake cycle, the 2 functions that are most sensitive to caffeine. Thus, although caffeine fulfills some of the criteria for drug dependence and shares with amphetamine and cocaine a certain specificity of action on t ...
... nucleus (extrapyramidal motor system) and the neural structures regulating the sleepwake cycle, the 2 functions that are most sensitive to caffeine. Thus, although caffeine fulfills some of the criteria for drug dependence and shares with amphetamine and cocaine a certain specificity of action on t ...
Paracetamol - IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic
... were fed pharmacopoeial-grade paracetamol at 0, 4500 or 90 mg/kg (males) and 0, 6500 or 13 00 mg/kg (females) of diet for 104 weeks and were then observed for a further26 weeks (average daily intakes: lower-dose males, 195 mg/kg hw; lower-dose females, 336 mglg bw; higher-dose males, 402 mglg bw; hi ...
... were fed pharmacopoeial-grade paracetamol at 0, 4500 or 90 mg/kg (males) and 0, 6500 or 13 00 mg/kg (females) of diet for 104 weeks and were then observed for a further26 weeks (average daily intakes: lower-dose males, 195 mg/kg hw; lower-dose females, 336 mglg bw; higher-dose males, 402 mglg bw; hi ...
I The 1982 John
... and antagonist analgesics. In addition to naloxone, these studies focus on two cfosely related compounds, nalbuphine and naltrexone. Nalbuphine is an antagonist analgesic that is practically as potent as morphine when injected.3Z3.3 But because of its antagonist properties, it carries little or no a ...
... and antagonist analgesics. In addition to naloxone, these studies focus on two cfosely related compounds, nalbuphine and naltrexone. Nalbuphine is an antagonist analgesic that is practically as potent as morphine when injected.3Z3.3 But because of its antagonist properties, it carries little or no a ...
Imperfect Mimicry and the Limits of Natural Selection
... Vehrencamp 2011). Signals are the basis of both mimicry and “aposematism” (when a dangerous species evolves a phenotype that accurately warns others of the danger). Mimicry occurs when a signal borne by one organism (the model) to communicate some quality to others (the receivers), is copied by anot ...
... Vehrencamp 2011). Signals are the basis of both mimicry and “aposematism” (when a dangerous species evolves a phenotype that accurately warns others of the danger). Mimicry occurs when a signal borne by one organism (the model) to communicate some quality to others (the receivers), is copied by anot ...
(Acetaminophen) in products with and without opioid: an analysis
... and there are sufficient stores of glutathione available in the liver to effectively bind and neutralize the NAPQI. But when acetaminophen is taken in toxic amounts, the conjugation pathways become saturated, and a larger proportion of the ingested dose is metabolized to NAPQI. The rate of formation ...
... and there are sufficient stores of glutathione available in the liver to effectively bind and neutralize the NAPQI. But when acetaminophen is taken in toxic amounts, the conjugation pathways become saturated, and a larger proportion of the ingested dose is metabolized to NAPQI. The rate of formation ...
Toxicity of Nutmeg (Myristicin): A Review
... by 24 to 36 hours [11]. Lee at al. (2005) have reported that myristicin (1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene), a naturally occurring alkyl benzene derivative found in nutmeg induces neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SKN-SH cells by an apoptotic mechanism. Neurotoxicity can be defined as a ...
... by 24 to 36 hours [11]. Lee at al. (2005) have reported that myristicin (1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene), a naturally occurring alkyl benzene derivative found in nutmeg induces neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SKN-SH cells by an apoptotic mechanism. Neurotoxicity can be defined as a ...
Acute and Chronic Effects of Inhalants in Intracranial Self
... Inhalants are a pharmacologically diverse group of compounds that have been ubiquitously defined through the exclusivity of the inhalational route by which humans abuse them. In addition, inhalants are associated with their legal, therapeutic and commercial availability in society. Broadly defined, ...
... Inhalants are a pharmacologically diverse group of compounds that have been ubiquitously defined through the exclusivity of the inhalational route by which humans abuse them. In addition, inhalants are associated with their legal, therapeutic and commercial availability in society. Broadly defined, ...
as a PDF
... All experiments were approved by the animal care and use committee at our institution and are in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; n 5 122) were implanted with a microdialysis fiber in the dorsal horn (L4–L6 spinal level) for delivery of ...
... All experiments were approved by the animal care and use committee at our institution and are in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; n 5 122) were implanted with a microdialysis fiber in the dorsal horn (L4–L6 spinal level) for delivery of ...
Spinal Blockade of Opioid Receptors Prevents the Analgesia
... All experiments were approved by the animal care and use committee at our institution and are in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; n 5 122) were implanted with a microdialysis fiber in the dorsal horn (L4–L6 spinal level) for delivery of ...
... All experiments were approved by the animal care and use committee at our institution and are in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; n 5 122) were implanted with a microdialysis fiber in the dorsal horn (L4–L6 spinal level) for delivery of ...
ARE STATINS NEPHROPROTECTIVE?:A DOSE DEPENDENT STUDY IN ALBINO RATS Research Article
... transport processes within the proximal tubule may further raise the intracellular concentration of an actively transported toxicant. Certain segment of the nephron has a capacity for metabolic bioactivation of several protoxicants to active toxicants[5]. Many recent evidence suggest that oxygen der ...
... transport processes within the proximal tubule may further raise the intracellular concentration of an actively transported toxicant. Certain segment of the nephron has a capacity for metabolic bioactivation of several protoxicants to active toxicants[5]. Many recent evidence suggest that oxygen der ...
Does High-Dose Buprenorphine Cause Respiratory Depression
... of buprenorphine (70–90%) is excreted in the faeces. Both Ndealkylated and conjugated metabolites are detected in the urine. Various drugs that induce (antiepileptic drugs) or inhibit (macrolides, azole-based antimycotic drugs and HIV protease inhibitors) the CYP 3A4, may interfere with buprenorphin ...
... of buprenorphine (70–90%) is excreted in the faeces. Both Ndealkylated and conjugated metabolites are detected in the urine. Various drugs that induce (antiepileptic drugs) or inhibit (macrolides, azole-based antimycotic drugs and HIV protease inhibitors) the CYP 3A4, may interfere with buprenorphin ...
`Spice` Wars - Cayman Chemical
... could be produced that selectively activated receptors to produce certain effects (e.g., pain reduction) without others (e.g., psychotropic alterations). This pursuit was led by Billy Martin and John W. Huffman, who have produced a large number of ‘JWH’ compounds, many based on an aminoalkylindole s ...
... could be produced that selectively activated receptors to produce certain effects (e.g., pain reduction) without others (e.g., psychotropic alterations). This pursuit was led by Billy Martin and John W. Huffman, who have produced a large number of ‘JWH’ compounds, many based on an aminoalkylindole s ...
Decreased Serum Concentrations of Tamoxifen
... converts androgens to estrogens in peripheral fat tissue (3). This conversion is the main estrogen source in postmenopausal women. In addition, aminoglutethimide may reduce the con centration of plasma estrogens by enhancement of estrogen metabolism (10, 11). Aminoglutethimide causes response rates ...
... converts androgens to estrogens in peripheral fat tissue (3). This conversion is the main estrogen source in postmenopausal women. In addition, aminoglutethimide may reduce the con centration of plasma estrogens by enhancement of estrogen metabolism (10, 11). Aminoglutethimide causes response rates ...
NATURAL AND PARTIALLY SYNTETIc ANALGESIcS
... the way of emotional reaction towards pain. It also has sedative effects (3). Morphine has strong analgesic characteristics (50 times stronger than aspirine) and it is used only in cases of very strong pain. In higher doses, it has narcotic properties (12). Morphine is used to relieve the most sever ...
... the way of emotional reaction towards pain. It also has sedative effects (3). Morphine has strong analgesic characteristics (50 times stronger than aspirine) and it is used only in cases of very strong pain. In higher doses, it has narcotic properties (12). Morphine is used to relieve the most sever ...
Elicited hippocampal theta rhythm: a screen for anxiolytic and
... RS, personal communication, Fig. 1 in Sainsbury and Montoya, 1984). These results have been interpreted (Gray and McNaughton, 2000) as evidence for multiple ‘gates’ that permit theta to occur but do not affect its frequency. Different gates can permit (release) theta, separately or ...
... RS, personal communication, Fig. 1 in Sainsbury and Montoya, 1984). These results have been interpreted (Gray and McNaughton, 2000) as evidence for multiple ‘gates’ that permit theta to occur but do not affect its frequency. Different gates can permit (release) theta, separately or ...
Chapter 18 - The RedZone
... Used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock; various alpha and beta ...
... Used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock; various alpha and beta ...
Ultra-Low Dose Antagonist Effects on Cannabinoids and Opioids in Models... Is Less More? By
... broaden the knowledge of the ultra-low dose effect, that was previously identified in the opioid receptor system, by looking at whether opioids and cannabinoids interact at the ultra-low dose level, whether cannabinoid receptors themselves demonstrate the ultra-low dose antagonist effect, and whethe ...
... broaden the knowledge of the ultra-low dose effect, that was previously identified in the opioid receptor system, by looking at whether opioids and cannabinoids interact at the ultra-low dose level, whether cannabinoid receptors themselves demonstrate the ultra-low dose antagonist effect, and whethe ...
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), death? and distraction
... fails to explain any of the circumstances of the death, casting doubt that the only explanation for death was the LSD ...
... fails to explain any of the circumstances of the death, casting doubt that the only explanation for death was the LSD ...
Dopamine and Benzodiazepine-Dependent Mechanisms
... While the direct reinforcing actions of alcohol have been investigated in the operant chamber (June, 2002), alcohol’s acute reinforcing actions, as with other abused drugs (Di Chiara and Imperato, 1985), have also been indirectly inferred/investigated via the use of locomotor activational effects (W ...
... While the direct reinforcing actions of alcohol have been investigated in the operant chamber (June, 2002), alcohol’s acute reinforcing actions, as with other abused drugs (Di Chiara and Imperato, 1985), have also been indirectly inferred/investigated via the use of locomotor activational effects (W ...
Pharmacological Characterization of Nicotine`s Interaction with
... number of drug abusers smoke tobacco, potential interactions between nicotine and other drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, remains mostly unknown. Epidemiological studies suggest that smoking increases the intake of cocaine and that, vice versa, cocaine users consume more cigarettes than nonusers (Hig ...
... number of drug abusers smoke tobacco, potential interactions between nicotine and other drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, remains mostly unknown. Epidemiological studies suggest that smoking increases the intake of cocaine and that, vice versa, cocaine users consume more cigarettes than nonusers (Hig ...
AP Environmental Science
... CBR 8 The course provides students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural world. The curriculum draws upon various scientific disciplines. CBR 9 The course includes methods for analyzing and interpreting information an ...
... CBR 8 The course provides students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural world. The curriculum draws upon various scientific disciplines. CBR 9 The course includes methods for analyzing and interpreting information an ...
ICH Q3D Guideline (Elemental Impurities)
... Elemental impurities in drug products may arise from several sources; they may be added intentionally in synthesis, or may be present as contaminants (e.g., through interactions with processing equipment or by being present in components of the drug product) and are consequently detectable in the dr ...
... Elemental impurities in drug products may arise from several sources; they may be added intentionally in synthesis, or may be present as contaminants (e.g., through interactions with processing equipment or by being present in components of the drug product) and are consequently detectable in the dr ...
Phenylpropanolamine There are four optical isomers of
... Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system or SNS. Central nervous system or CNS involvement is present, but the predominant clinical ef ...
... Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system or SNS. Central nervous system or CNS involvement is present, but the predominant clinical ef ...
Aphid and ladybird beetle abundance depend on the interaction of
... 2000). We defined nearest neighbor plots as those that shared an entire boundary with the focal plot (i.e., for the square plots, a maximum of four nearest neighbors were possible), and we excluded plots that had fewer than two nearest neighbors (n = 4 plots) for all neighborhood level analyses. Sin ...
... 2000). We defined nearest neighbor plots as those that shared an entire boundary with the focal plot (i.e., for the square plots, a maximum of four nearest neighbors were possible), and we excluded plots that had fewer than two nearest neighbors (n = 4 plots) for all neighborhood level analyses. Sin ...
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are selective inhibitors of cyp2c8
... drug metabolism (i) can be predicted by the Ki value and the concentration of the inhibitor [I] around the metabolic enzyme in the liver using the following scaling model: i ⫽ [I]/([I] ⫹ Ki), assuming that the substrate concentration is much lower than its Km value (von Moltke et al., 1998). After o ...
... drug metabolism (i) can be predicted by the Ki value and the concentration of the inhibitor [I] around the metabolic enzyme in the liver using the following scaling model: i ⫽ [I]/([I] ⫹ Ki), assuming that the substrate concentration is much lower than its Km value (von Moltke et al., 1998). After o ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.