An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
... There can be little doubt that alcohol is a drug and as such causes society more problems than all other drugs put together. One only has to study road accident statistics to appreciate that fact. It has been stated that if alcohol was discovered today, it would be restricted in exactly the same way ...
... There can be little doubt that alcohol is a drug and as such causes society more problems than all other drugs put together. One only has to study road accident statistics to appreciate that fact. It has been stated that if alcohol was discovered today, it would be restricted in exactly the same way ...
University of Groningen Human and rat organ slices de
... rently available. The ease of preparation (which is species independent) and scaling to in vivo (based on total organ weight) make the tissues slice technique a valuable in vitro tool for relatively short time incubations. The last interesting aspect of tissue slices that we would like to address at ...
... rently available. The ease of preparation (which is species independent) and scaling to in vivo (based on total organ weight) make the tissues slice technique a valuable in vitro tool for relatively short time incubations. The last interesting aspect of tissue slices that we would like to address at ...
150-514-1-SP - Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
... Introduction: Ischemia due to oxygen and nutrient deficit, as well as waste producing causes tissue damage or organ dysfunction. Ischemia can be achieved in various tissues during surgery, organ transplantation, and use of certain drugs, sickle cell anemia, congestive heart disease, stroke and other ...
... Introduction: Ischemia due to oxygen and nutrient deficit, as well as waste producing causes tissue damage or organ dysfunction. Ischemia can be achieved in various tissues during surgery, organ transplantation, and use of certain drugs, sickle cell anemia, congestive heart disease, stroke and other ...
committee for veterinary medicinal products
... The reported adverse effects are analogous to those induced by other aminoglycosides, including hypersensitivity reactions and tubular nephrotoxicity. However, no detailed data have been provided to determine a level without adverse effects in humans. In a study on human volunteers, an effect of par ...
... The reported adverse effects are analogous to those induced by other aminoglycosides, including hypersensitivity reactions and tubular nephrotoxicity. However, no detailed data have been provided to determine a level without adverse effects in humans. In a study on human volunteers, an effect of par ...
Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment
... solar energy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of their tissues These producers must use some of the total biomass they produce for their own respiration ...
... solar energy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of their tissues These producers must use some of the total biomass they produce for their own respiration ...
- Wiley Online Library
... responses to NSAIDs, namely their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. The model should also be developed in a medium-sized species (e.g. dog, cat) to enable both collection of clinically relevant endpoints and sequential blood sampling for determination of drug concentration in blo ...
... responses to NSAIDs, namely their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. The model should also be developed in a medium-sized species (e.g. dog, cat) to enable both collection of clinically relevant endpoints and sequential blood sampling for determination of drug concentration in blo ...
A Review of the Toxicity and Environmental Behaviour of Bromine in
... are published by the Environment Agency in a guidance document H1 (Horizontal Guidance Note; IPPC H1: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control: Environmental Assessment and Appraisal of BAT, Environment Agency 2003) in order to make transparent to industry and other stakeholders the values being ...
... are published by the Environment Agency in a guidance document H1 (Horizontal Guidance Note; IPPC H1: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control: Environmental Assessment and Appraisal of BAT, Environment Agency 2003) in order to make transparent to industry and other stakeholders the values being ...
William Llewellyn`s ANABOLICS
... and comprehensive review of the current science surrounding these drugs, as well as their medical and non-medical use. The effort of this book is always to help readers understand the potential risks of these drugs, in addition to their benefits. ANABOLICS is not intended to promote steroid or other ...
... and comprehensive review of the current science surrounding these drugs, as well as their medical and non-medical use. The effort of this book is always to help readers understand the potential risks of these drugs, in addition to their benefits. ANABOLICS is not intended to promote steroid or other ...
Marijuana: Respiratory Tract Effects
... Cannabinoid receptors have been isolated in central nervous system tissue of multiple species including rat [45], mouse [46, 47], bovine, feline [48], leech [49], puffer fish [50], and newt [51]. The discovery of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) has accelerated research on the cannabinoid ...
... Cannabinoid receptors have been isolated in central nervous system tissue of multiple species including rat [45], mouse [46, 47], bovine, feline [48], leech [49], puffer fish [50], and newt [51]. The discovery of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) has accelerated research on the cannabinoid ...
Neuropeptides in learning and memory processes with focus
... There are a number of factors that have hampered our understanding of the functional roles of neuropeptides. Since most neuropeptides do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, their effects on brain functions are mostly investigated after central administration (mainly intracerebroventricular; i.c.v ...
... There are a number of factors that have hampered our understanding of the functional roles of neuropeptides. Since most neuropeptides do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, their effects on brain functions are mostly investigated after central administration (mainly intracerebroventricular; i.c.v ...
Introduction
... cannabinoid substance, is inactivated by a previous step process consisting of carrier-mediated transport that reuptake inter-synaptic endocannabinoid. Cannabinoid receptor activation results mainly in an inhibition of cAMP formation and inhibition of Ca2+ influx as well as in the activation of inwa ...
... cannabinoid substance, is inactivated by a previous step process consisting of carrier-mediated transport that reuptake inter-synaptic endocannabinoid. Cannabinoid receptor activation results mainly in an inhibition of cAMP formation and inhibition of Ca2+ influx as well as in the activation of inwa ...
Aldosterone and end-organ damage
... Abbreviations: Ang, angiotensin; ACE, Ang-converting enzyme; ARR, aldosterone/renin ratio; AT1 receptor, AngII type 1 receptor; BP, blood pressure; BH4, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin; CHF, congestive heart failure; ECM, extracellular matrix; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ENaC, epithelial sod ...
... Abbreviations: Ang, angiotensin; ACE, Ang-converting enzyme; ARR, aldosterone/renin ratio; AT1 receptor, AngII type 1 receptor; BP, blood pressure; BH4, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin; CHF, congestive heart failure; ECM, extracellular matrix; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ENaC, epithelial sod ...
the-serotonergic-hallucinogen-5-meo-dmt-disrupts
... Please cite this article as: Riga, M.S, Bortolozzi, A., Campa, L., Artigas, F., Celada, P., The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, Neuropharmacology (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm. ...
... Please cite this article as: Riga, M.S, Bortolozzi, A., Campa, L., Artigas, F., Celada, P., The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, Neuropharmacology (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm. ...
министерство здравоохранения республики беларусь
... Diazepam — is an agonist at an allosteric benzodiazepine site which is an integral part of the GABAA receptor — CI- channel complex. The benzodiazepine receptor increases the frequency of Cl- channel opening, and enhances GABA induced hyper-polarization (i. e. have only GABA facilitatory, but no GAB ...
... Diazepam — is an agonist at an allosteric benzodiazepine site which is an integral part of the GABAA receptor — CI- channel complex. The benzodiazepine receptor increases the frequency of Cl- channel opening, and enhances GABA induced hyper-polarization (i. e. have only GABA facilitatory, but no GAB ...
Spinal NMDA Receptors Contribute to Neuronal Processing of Acute
... were recorded in the dorsal horn of the L6–S2 spinal cord segments; 40 were SLA neurons, 12 were SLS neurons, and 1 was a LL neuron; neurons showing inhibitory responses to CRD were not studied. Within each treatment group (see following text), there were no differences in responses of SLA and SLS n ...
... were recorded in the dorsal horn of the L6–S2 spinal cord segments; 40 were SLA neurons, 12 were SLS neurons, and 1 was a LL neuron; neurons showing inhibitory responses to CRD were not studied. Within each treatment group (see following text), there were no differences in responses of SLA and SLS n ...
Imperfect mimicry - Nottingham ePrints
... Mimicry and brightly coloured aposematic patterns have been discussed by biologists from three very different points of view, each making unrealistic assumptions about aspects of the other two (Mallet & Joron, 1998). The most obvious in the voluminous literature (see Komarek, 1998) is the insect nat ...
... Mimicry and brightly coloured aposematic patterns have been discussed by biologists from three very different points of view, each making unrealistic assumptions about aspects of the other two (Mallet & Joron, 1998). The most obvious in the voluminous literature (see Komarek, 1998) is the insect nat ...
Special Contribution Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Still an
... hepatotoxicity is enhanced by chronic alcohol intake (Sato et al., 1981a; Zimmerman and Maddrey, 1995; Schmidt et al., 2002), and even a therapeutic dose of APAP (generally considered to be nontoxic in nonalcoholics) may lead to hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, acute alcohol intake reduces the sev ...
... hepatotoxicity is enhanced by chronic alcohol intake (Sato et al., 1981a; Zimmerman and Maddrey, 1995; Schmidt et al., 2002), and even a therapeutic dose of APAP (generally considered to be nontoxic in nonalcoholics) may lead to hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, acute alcohol intake reduces the sev ...
Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine
... endogenous DMT plays important roles for a number of processes in the periphery and central nervous system, and may act as a neurotransmitter. This paper reviews the current literature of both the recreational use of DMT and its potential roles as an endogenous neurotransmitter. Pharmacokinetics, me ...
... endogenous DMT plays important roles for a number of processes in the periphery and central nervous system, and may act as a neurotransmitter. This paper reviews the current literature of both the recreational use of DMT and its potential roles as an endogenous neurotransmitter. Pharmacokinetics, me ...
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... class of substances whose members are listed in a previous Report· on Carcinogens as either a known to be human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in h ...
... class of substances whose members are listed in a previous Report· on Carcinogens as either a known to be human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in h ...
antihistamines in allergic disease
... between the two generations of drugs are their propensity to cause central nervous system (CNS) sideeffects. The commonly used members of these drug classes are listed in Table I. The highly lipophilic nature of the first-generation antihistamines allows them to penetrate well into the CNS where the ...
... between the two generations of drugs are their propensity to cause central nervous system (CNS) sideeffects. The commonly used members of these drug classes are listed in Table I. The highly lipophilic nature of the first-generation antihistamines allows them to penetrate well into the CNS where the ...
(Cannabis genus) for use as animal feed
... adults may experience slight psychotropic or psychomotor effects at twice a dose of 2.5 mg (or 0.07 mg/kg bw), while most individuals show only effects at considerable higher doses. This variation may be based on genetic polymorphisms of the genes encoding the cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes r ...
... adults may experience slight psychotropic or psychomotor effects at twice a dose of 2.5 mg (or 0.07 mg/kg bw), while most individuals show only effects at considerable higher doses. This variation may be based on genetic polymorphisms of the genes encoding the cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes r ...
Science advice from a risk assessment of five
... by the arrival, survival, establishment, spread, and impact of two solitary tunicates (Club Tunicate (Styela clava) and Vase Tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)) and three colonial forms (Golden Star Tunicate (Botryllus schlosseri); Violet Tunicate (Botrylloides violaceus) and Didemnum species). The risk ...
... by the arrival, survival, establishment, spread, and impact of two solitary tunicates (Club Tunicate (Styela clava) and Vase Tunicate (Ciona intestinalis)) and three colonial forms (Golden Star Tunicate (Botryllus schlosseri); Violet Tunicate (Botrylloides violaceus) and Didemnum species). The risk ...
Understanding the Mechanisms of Action of Methotrexate
... system to predict the efficacy of methotrexate as initial treatment for RA based on combined clinical and genetic factors. Although it is far from being practical, this pharmacogenetic model sheds light on individualized treatment of rheumatic diseases. ...
... system to predict the efficacy of methotrexate as initial treatment for RA based on combined clinical and genetic factors. Although it is far from being practical, this pharmacogenetic model sheds light on individualized treatment of rheumatic diseases. ...
Applying stable isotopes to examine foodweb structure: an overview
... a series of more quantitative approaches for analyzing stable isotope data has emerged. These approaches have dramatically improved our understanding of food webs, for example, providing new insight into food-chain length (Post, Pace & Hairston, 2000), niche variation (Martinez del Rio et al., 2009a ...
... a series of more quantitative approaches for analyzing stable isotope data has emerged. These approaches have dramatically improved our understanding of food webs, for example, providing new insight into food-chain length (Post, Pace & Hairston, 2000), niche variation (Martinez del Rio et al., 2009a ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.