Antiatherogenic Properties of Naringenin, a Citrus Flavonoid
... and kaempferol representing 95% of the measured flavonoid intake) was inversely associated with mortality from CHD. Relative risks for CHD mortality and first myocardial infarction were approximately 50% lower in the highest tertile of flavonoid intake (mean intake 41.6 mg/day) compared to the lowes ...
... and kaempferol representing 95% of the measured flavonoid intake) was inversely associated with mortality from CHD. Relative risks for CHD mortality and first myocardial infarction were approximately 50% lower in the highest tertile of flavonoid intake (mean intake 41.6 mg/day) compared to the lowes ...
Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Neuropsychopharmacology
... equation. With an alkaline pH, nicotine is more unionized and, therefore, better able to penetrate lipophilic cellular membranes. Pankow et al. (1997) studied this phenomenon in relationship to tobacco smoke particles in which the volatility of conversion of nicotine to its nonprotonated free-base f ...
... equation. With an alkaline pH, nicotine is more unionized and, therefore, better able to penetrate lipophilic cellular membranes. Pankow et al. (1997) studied this phenomenon in relationship to tobacco smoke particles in which the volatility of conversion of nicotine to its nonprotonated free-base f ...
Dynorphin A1–13 Stimulates Ovine Fetal Pituitary
... and ir-cortisol in the ovine fetus. The later peak in cortisol increase (30 min vs. 15 min) is consistent with the primary action of dynorphin A1–13 being at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary rather than at the adrenal. This magnitude of ACTH release (7- to 10-fold) is comparable to that ob ...
... and ir-cortisol in the ovine fetus. The later peak in cortisol increase (30 min vs. 15 min) is consistent with the primary action of dynorphin A1–13 being at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary rather than at the adrenal. This magnitude of ACTH release (7- to 10-fold) is comparable to that ob ...
The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Drug Addiction
... precursor for a 40 amino acid peptide with 45% and 63% homology to human CRF and urotensin, respectively. The peptide cloned from rat brain was named urocortin and is believed to be the mammalian homolog of fish urotensin (Vaughan et al., 1995). Urocortin/urotensinlike immunoreactivity is found in b ...
... precursor for a 40 amino acid peptide with 45% and 63% homology to human CRF and urotensin, respectively. The peptide cloned from rat brain was named urocortin and is believed to be the mammalian homolog of fish urotensin (Vaughan et al., 1995). Urocortin/urotensinlike immunoreactivity is found in b ...
Adenine Nucleotides Undergo Rapid, Quantitative Conversion to
... The existence in brain of multiple subtypes of extracellular adenosine receptors, physiological responses linked to activation of those receptors, the normal presence of adenosine in the extracellular space, and the marked increases in adenosine that can occur under various conditions (e.g., hypoxia ...
... The existence in brain of multiple subtypes of extracellular adenosine receptors, physiological responses linked to activation of those receptors, the normal presence of adenosine in the extracellular space, and the marked increases in adenosine that can occur under various conditions (e.g., hypoxia ...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions
... = 128.30 M), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 4.86 M) and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 34.48 M) and dihydrokavain inhibited CYP2C9 (IC50 = 130.95 M), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 10.05 M) and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 78.59 M). Yangonin could not be evaluated for its CYP inhibitory effect using the fluorimetric assay employed due to its high nativ ...
... = 128.30 M), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 4.86 M) and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 34.48 M) and dihydrokavain inhibited CYP2C9 (IC50 = 130.95 M), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 10.05 M) and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 78.59 M). Yangonin could not be evaluated for its CYP inhibitory effect using the fluorimetric assay employed due to its high nativ ...
Allee effects in biological invasions
... substantially alter invasion dynamics. As this review will illustrate, theoretical studies predict that Allee effects in an invader can cause longer lag times, slower spread and decreased probability of establishment. These may lead to underestimation of the invasion risk posed by some species. Unde ...
... substantially alter invasion dynamics. As this review will illustrate, theoretical studies predict that Allee effects in an invader can cause longer lag times, slower spread and decreased probability of establishment. These may lead to underestimation of the invasion risk posed by some species. Unde ...
Bipolar Disorders and Lithium: Pharmacokinetics
... helplessness. Glutamate levels are observed to be elevated during mania. Lithium is thought to provide long-term mood stabilization and have anti-manic properties by modulating glutamate levels. It is proposed that lithium competes with magnesium for binding to NMDA glutamate receptor, increasing th ...
... helplessness. Glutamate levels are observed to be elevated during mania. Lithium is thought to provide long-term mood stabilization and have anti-manic properties by modulating glutamate levels. It is proposed that lithium competes with magnesium for binding to NMDA glutamate receptor, increasing th ...
Neuroendocrine Control of Growth Hormone Secretion
... IIIA8B and VII). Particularly noteworthy was the higher SS mRNA content in the periventricular nucleus (PeVN) of male rats than in proestrus females and the finding that in castrated males administration of testosterone prevented the significant reduction in SS mRNA after surgery (238). It can be in ...
... IIIA8B and VII). Particularly noteworthy was the higher SS mRNA content in the periventricular nucleus (PeVN) of male rats than in proestrus females and the finding that in castrated males administration of testosterone prevented the significant reduction in SS mRNA after surgery (238). It can be in ...
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE SECTION I: COCAINE
... has been dissolved in water and a strong alkaloid solution, typically ammonia. Ether or another organic solvent is added, and a solid substance separates from the solution. This solid substance is the cocaine base. Because freebase cocaine is significantly purer than coca paste or powder cocaine, ma ...
... has been dissolved in water and a strong alkaloid solution, typically ammonia. Ether or another organic solvent is added, and a solid substance separates from the solution. This solid substance is the cocaine base. Because freebase cocaine is significantly purer than coca paste or powder cocaine, ma ...
A Literature Review on the Status and Effects of Salvia Divinorum on
... divinorum produces powerful hallucinogenic effects when the leaves are chewed, orally consumed in a liquid state, or dried and smoked. It’s active ingredient is Salvinorin-A (Roth et al., 2002; Siebert, 1994), a highly selective kappa (κ)-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al., 2002), that researchers ...
... divinorum produces powerful hallucinogenic effects when the leaves are chewed, orally consumed in a liquid state, or dried and smoked. It’s active ingredient is Salvinorin-A (Roth et al., 2002; Siebert, 1994), a highly selective kappa (κ)-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al., 2002), that researchers ...
Janet Ashley Nye, Ph.D., 2008 Directed By:
... Table 3.2: Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the percentage of anchovy and polychaetes in diets of Atlantic croaker with six measures of condition. Significance at P=0.0042 (Bonferroni adjustment, P=0.05/12) indicated by *. ......... 89 Table 4.1: Number of replicates in each size class ...
... Table 3.2: Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the percentage of anchovy and polychaetes in diets of Atlantic croaker with six measures of condition. Significance at P=0.0042 (Bonferroni adjustment, P=0.05/12) indicated by *. ......... 89 Table 4.1: Number of replicates in each size class ...
6-keto, 7,8
... B/C and C/E are cis, and C/D is trans. Morphine is shaped like a three-dimensional "T" with rings A, B, and E forming a near perfect vertical plane and rings C and D forming a more distorted horizontal plane. The D ring is in the chair conformation and the C ring is a boat with atoms 6 and 14 fo ...
... B/C and C/E are cis, and C/D is trans. Morphine is shaped like a three-dimensional "T" with rings A, B, and E forming a near perfect vertical plane and rings C and D forming a more distorted horizontal plane. The D ring is in the chair conformation and the C ring is a boat with atoms 6 and 14 fo ...
Thalidomide: The Tragedy of Birth Defects and the Effective
... otic vesicle development) similar to that found in zebrafish treated with very high concentrations of thalidomide (0, 200, or 400lM); coinjection with zCRBN messenger RNA rescued the embryos from those antisense-induced defects. More compelling was the observation that zebrafish expressing zCRBN mut ...
... otic vesicle development) similar to that found in zebrafish treated with very high concentrations of thalidomide (0, 200, or 400lM); coinjection with zCRBN messenger RNA rescued the embryos from those antisense-induced defects. More compelling was the observation that zebrafish expressing zCRBN mut ...
Chloramphenicol FINAL Report on Carcinogens Background Document for
... Chloramphenicol was listed in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens in 1980 as a human carcinogen (NTP 1980). This listing was based on human study case reports suggesting that aplastic anemia due to chloramphenicol use was associated with subsequent development of leukemia. Chloramphenicol was rem ...
... Chloramphenicol was listed in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens in 1980 as a human carcinogen (NTP 1980). This listing was based on human study case reports suggesting that aplastic anemia due to chloramphenicol use was associated with subsequent development of leukemia. Chloramphenicol was rem ...
methotrexate - Cancer Care Ontario
... B - Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics Methotrexate has been in clinical use since 1948. This drug itself and its active metabolites compete for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid must be reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid by this enzyme for DNA synthesis an ...
... B - Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics Methotrexate has been in clinical use since 1948. This drug itself and its active metabolites compete for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid must be reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid by this enzyme for DNA synthesis an ...
Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and
... human KOR in Chinese hamster ovary cells by more than 50 %. The compounds that showed the highest affinity ranging from highest to lowest were salvinorin A, salvinorin B, divinatorin D, and salvinorin G (Fig. 1) [24]. Another study evaluated the effects of salvinorin A given intraperitoneally via mi ...
... human KOR in Chinese hamster ovary cells by more than 50 %. The compounds that showed the highest affinity ranging from highest to lowest were salvinorin A, salvinorin B, divinatorin D, and salvinorin G (Fig. 1) [24]. Another study evaluated the effects of salvinorin A given intraperitoneally via mi ...
Phillips et al.
... of two exotic consumers, the predatory and herbivorous signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the predatory rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), on multiple trophic levels of a pond community. The goals were to: (1) determine the individual and combined effects of predators on macroinverteb ...
... of two exotic consumers, the predatory and herbivorous signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the predatory rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), on multiple trophic levels of a pond community. The goals were to: (1) determine the individual and combined effects of predators on macroinverteb ...
New insights into enhancing morphine analgesia Tuomas
... and opioid-tolerant animals. These effects were observed at doses lower than those required for the antagonism of alpha-2-adrenoceptors. In subcutaneous administration, low doses of atipamezole did not influence morphine antinociception. The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone dosed ...
... and opioid-tolerant animals. These effects were observed at doses lower than those required for the antagonism of alpha-2-adrenoceptors. In subcutaneous administration, low doses of atipamezole did not influence morphine antinociception. The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone dosed ...
Advances in Pharmacological Research of Eugenol
... Toxic side effects of eugenol Eugenol has many pharmacological effects, but it also has some toxic side effects. For example, eugenol has a certain corrosive action, but its strength is less than that of phenol. The reason for this action is that eugenol is not dissolved in water. In addition, the s ...
... Toxic side effects of eugenol Eugenol has many pharmacological effects, but it also has some toxic side effects. For example, eugenol has a certain corrosive action, but its strength is less than that of phenol. The reason for this action is that eugenol is not dissolved in water. In addition, the s ...
... dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), histamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), glutamate, cholecystokinin, D-aspartate, glycine and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in several brain regions and outside the brain. Inhibition of neurotransmitters by CB1 receptor activation in the central nervous ...
Elevated CO2 studies: past, present and future
... predicted to impact both current and future ecosystems. Elevated CO2 is also predicted to affect biological processes at many levels of organization. In this overview, we summarize the responses of plants to elevated CO2 including primary physiological and molecular responses, growth and reproductiv ...
... predicted to impact both current and future ecosystems. Elevated CO2 is also predicted to affect biological processes at many levels of organization. In this overview, we summarize the responses of plants to elevated CO2 including primary physiological and molecular responses, growth and reproductiv ...
Committee on Drugs 2001;108;1020 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.4.1020
... diarrhea.18,22 Protein-calorie malnutrition,23,24 obesity,25 and poorly controlled diabetes26,27 are associated with increased activity of CYP2E1 that may increase formation of NAPQI. Detoxification may be reduced in patients with chronic protein-calorie malnutrition, who also have low glutathione l ...
... diarrhea.18,22 Protein-calorie malnutrition,23,24 obesity,25 and poorly controlled diabetes26,27 are associated with increased activity of CYP2E1 that may increase formation of NAPQI. Detoxification may be reduced in patients with chronic protein-calorie malnutrition, who also have low glutathione l ...
cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and
... at younger ages compared to men (Kosten, Gawin, Kosten, & Rounsaville, 1993). When women are admitted into treatment for cocaine dependence, their use is often more severe than men (Du, Huang, Zhao, & Hser, 2013; Kosten et al., 1993). The tendency for women to progress through the stages of initiati ...
... at younger ages compared to men (Kosten, Gawin, Kosten, & Rounsaville, 1993). When women are admitted into treatment for cocaine dependence, their use is often more severe than men (Du, Huang, Zhao, & Hser, 2013; Kosten et al., 1993). The tendency for women to progress through the stages of initiati ...
Neurologic Effects of Caffeine - Health301Co
... nucleus (extrapyramidal motor system) and the neural structures regulating the sleepwake cycle, the 2 functions that are most sensitive to caffeine. Thus, although caffeine fulfills some of the criteria for drug dependence and shares with amphetamine and cocaine a certain specificity of action on t ...
... nucleus (extrapyramidal motor system) and the neural structures regulating the sleepwake cycle, the 2 functions that are most sensitive to caffeine. Thus, although caffeine fulfills some of the criteria for drug dependence and shares with amphetamine and cocaine a certain specificity of action on t ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.