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Download DNA Day Project 1) Definitions: Drugs
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DNA Day Project 1) Definitions: Drugs- Substance, natural or artificial that alters function of the body. Genome- total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism. Gene- functional unit controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation. Nucleotides- a subunit of nuclei acids formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen base. Mutation- permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a simple base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. DNA- (deoxyribose nuclei acid)- a genetic code for many experiments. mRNA (messanger RNA)- code for making proteins. Transcription- making a messanger RNA using DNA as a template Introns- RNA processing, the intervening coding sequence missing from the mRNA. Exons- RNA processing, the coding sequence that remains in the final mRNA. Splicing- joint or connect (a rope or ropes) by interweaving strands. Translation- process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled. Amino Acids- carbon compound joined by peptide bonds, building blocks of proteins. Codon- three base codes in DNA and RNA. Non-coding DNA- DNA describes components of an organisms DNA sequences that do not encode for protein sequence. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)- variation in a DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered. Alleles- alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait. Hydrophilic- having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. Hydrophilic- tending to repel or fail to mix with water. Signaling Pathways- a group of molecules in a cell that work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death. Pharmacogenomics- study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drug’s in order to produce safer and more specific drug dosing. Genetic Linkage- The study of chromosomes and genes. 2) Questions How does a gene become a protein?- they begin to go through 2 processes: “translation” and “transcription”.- Transcription (Information stored in RNA and information to make protein).Translation- (starts with ribosomes that reads sequence of mRNA, building blocks (codon) and another RNA (tRNA) assembles amino acids and proteins at the same time. In a given gene, what kind of DNA mutation would not change the protein that is made?- Nonsense Mutations Why is non-coding DNA important?- helps to create the process the function of proteins. What makes some amino acids hydrophobic and others hydrophilic?- Hydrophilic dissolves in water and hydrophobicdoes not dissolve in water Why is it important for pharmaceutical companies to test new drugs on a large number of people?- To see if the drugs can harm the people if so, they have still work on the drug to get the specific things right. 3) Process What does the entry on clopidogrel tell you about its medical use? What kind of patients would use clopidogrel? How does the drug function, in general?- In the description entry, Patients with AA genotype, who had a recent stroke, peripheral vascular disease and any other infection. The function is used to reduce atherosclerotic events such as infraction, stroke, and vascular death in patients. The generic and trade (brand) names of the drugs.- Generic Name: Clopidogrel, Trade Names: Plavix, Clopidogrel sulfate. Generic Name of the Drug What kind of chemical the drug is, and what other drugs it is related to. May want to draw chemical structure.- Clopidogrel is related to three Clopidogrel (Addictive anticoagulant, Prostacyclin analogue, and increase bleed risk). What medical condition is the drug used to treat?- they have a antiplatelet agent structurally and pharmacologically similar to ticlopidine. The drug’s general effect on the body?- They will establish peripheral vascular and artenal disease. How does clopidogrel interact with P2RY12? What is P2RY12?Clopidogrel, a thienopyridine derivative binds specially irreversibly to the planet “P2RY12” purinergic receptor. What do CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 all have in common?- they implicated as cytochrome P450 enzymes involves in metabolism of clopidogrel. What drug-drug interactions is clopidogrel involved in?- they were involved in atorvastatin, the calcium-channel antagonist verapamil and proton pump inhibitor omeprazole. Proteins that has Variable Response to the Drug How this protein rsID of identified allele interacts with drug Exon, Intron and Other. Codon Sequence Change(DNA) Clopidogrel Involved Rs1045642 Exon ATT in the intestinal ATA absorption P2RY12 Cysteine Rs2046934 Intron N/A Clopidogrel CYP2C19 Involved Rs4244285 Exon AUG in GTG clopidogrel’s active metabolite How does ABCB1 interact with clopidogrel?- ABCB1 is involved in the intestinal absorption. Clopidogrel How does protein this gene codes for interact with drug in the pathway?- Clopidogrel divides into 2-oxo-clopidogrel which is active metabolite. How do you think Clopidogrel effects the body?- The process will not function as well as in general? If a normal amino acid is different from the one made by the allele change, what DNA mutations would not have caused a change in the amino acid that is made?- Point Mutation If the amino acid that is made by the mutant allele did not change, what DNA would have caused a change?- Frame shift Mutation How do you think these differences affect how the protein as a whole function?- It could not function as properly as the function was in general. Its effects life span. What kind of amino acid mutations would be less likely to change the protein’s normal function?- Nonsense Mutation ABCB1 If the function of this protein changes, how do you think this affects how the drug functions on the pathway?- Will not produce as well as other acts of the function was. Is your hypothesis similar to what is known about how this allele mutation changes a patient’s response to the drug?- Yes