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Using Cleaner Production to Facilitate the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements 1 Focus on Specific MEAs: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol Wanna Tanunchaiwatana UNFCCC Secretariat 2 Contents • Overview of the UNFCCC and KP • Mechanisms for Implementation • CDM and Technology Information System • Potential Activities for CP Centres • Possible Roles of NCPCs 3 UNFCCC - Overview • A global legal instrument on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG) which are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol • Adopted: 1992; Entered into force:1994 • Status of participation: 186 Parties • Contains 2 Annexes: – Annex 1: countries with obligations to reduce GHG – Annex 2: countries with funding obligations • Affiliated instruments: – Kyoto Protocol 4 Kyoto Protocol (KP) – Commitments: industrialized countries to achieve quantified targets for decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions – Adopted: 1997; not yet in force; – Status of Ratification: 94 Parties, but only 37.1% of global GHG emissions; 55% needed for Protocol to enter into force (as of 17 Sept. 2002) 5 Ultimate Objective of the UNFCCC • To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system 6 Annex A of KP • Greenhouse gases: – Carbon dioxide (CO2) – Methane (CH4) – Nitrous Oxide (NO2) – Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) – Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) – Importance of each gas is based on Global Warming Potential (GWP) 7 Sectors/Source Categories - Annex A (KP) • Energy – fuel combustion (energy industries, manufacturing, etc.) – fugitive emissions (oil/natural gas, solid fuels, etc.) • Industrial Processes – mineral products, chemical industry, metal production, other production, production and consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride • Solvent and other product use • Agriculture • Waste 8 Constituted Bodies (I) • Conference of the Parties (COP): the supreme body of the Convention, shall keep under regular review the implementation of the Convention and any related legal instrument that the COP may adopt, and meet annually. COP-8 will be held on 23 October 2 November 2002, in New Delhi, India. • Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA): provide advice to the COP on scientific and technological matters relating to the Convention. 9 Constituted Bodies (II) • Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI): to assist the COP in the review and assessment of the effective implementation of the Convention. • Relevant international and national bodies: – Global Environment Facility (GEF) - the operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – National UNFCCC focal points – National designated CDM authorities 10 Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) developing country Parties can volunteer to reduce emissions via joint activities with developed country Parties (Art. 12) • Joint Implementation - Article 6 projects between developed country Parties • Emissions trading - can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction commitments between developed country Parties 11 Financial Provisions – Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC) - will fund projects relating to capacity building, technology transfer, climate change mitigation activities, economic diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil fuel – Least developed countries Fund (UNFCCC) - will fund a special work programme to assist LDCs – Adaptation Fund (KP) – GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism and the main funding channel for developing countries 12 Clean Development Mechanism • Goals of CDM: – to promote sustainable development while minimizing the cost of limiting GHG emissions; – to contribute to the attainment of objective of the Convention; – to assist developed country Parties in complying with their KP commitments 13 Clean Development Mechanism • How it works: – projects to assist the host country to achieve national sustainable development goal; – projects emissions have to be below approved baseline; – project monitoring in accordance with approved plan – CERs are verified and certified by accredited body 14 Clean Development Mechanism • How it works: – CERs are verified and certified by accredited body – CERs are transferred to the investment country (developed country Party/Annex B Party) 15 Clean Development Mechanism Operational Entities • On 20 August 2002, the CDM Executive Board has announced that companies and other organizations may now start applying for accreditation as “operational entities” of the CDM; • The operational entities will play a crucial role by checking whether projects confirm with the CDM’s rules; 16 17 Technology Information System • In order to address the needs of information on environmentally sound technologies, the Convention secretariat has designed and developed a web-based technology transfer information system/clearing house (TT:CLEAR). 18 Characteristic I • Targets experts from all stakeholders involved in the process of technology transfer. • Complements and works with existing web sites and clearing houses of other relevant international organizations and national/regional technology information centres. • It has the potential to act as a gateway for fast access to up-to-date information on the latest technology transfer projects and case studies of successful technology transfer, environmentally sound technologies and know-how. 19 Characteristic II • Includes an innovative search engine 20 Contents • Inventory of technology cooperation projects. • The inventory contains at present some 1,650 projects and programmes, including : – Projects cited in National Communications of Annex I Parties; – Projects cited in initial national communications of Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention; – Projects cited in submissions from Parties within the consultative process 21 – Activities Implemented Jointly projects; – Global Environmental Facility: climate projects and programmes; – Some bilateral projects not reported in national communications of Annex I Parties, – Some multilateral projects and programmes such as non-GEF related activities of UNEP, UNDP, UNIDO, regional development banks and other multilateral implementing agencies; 22 Over 40 case studies and/or success stories on technology transfer*; 600 links to relevant web sites, including national web sites as provided by Parties in their submissions; An inventory of methods, models and tools covering different aspects of mitigation of and adaptation to climate change; 23 A database of organizations and experts involved in the development and transfer of technologies; Preliminary databases of mitigation and adaptation technologies; A technology forum, including a web board and chat rooms. Information on development and transfer of technologies under UNFCCC 24 HOW TO ACCESS TT:CLEAR • 1. Go to http://ttclear.unfccc.int • 2. Register. • 3. Wait for the activation of your account. A confirmation e-mail will be sent to you. 25 Potential Activities for CP Centres • UNFCCC Implementation – submit projects to GEF under its climate change focal area through national operational focal point of GEF within the government – actively engage in technology needs assessments project with the national focal point of the UNFCCC • KP implementation – propose CDM projects – Raise awareness of CDM opportunities among local key industries 26 Summary: develop an action plan • Possible Roles of the NCPCs 27 28