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RESPIRATION
By Reiss Amoah
What is Respiration?
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The Metabolic Process responsible for the majority
of ATP Production within living organisms in order
to produce energy.
It involves the breaking down of Glucose molecules
to form ATP and other products.
Consists of Four Stages in Aerobic respiration and
only One Stage in Anaerobic Respiration.
Stage 1: Glycolysis
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The only Anaerobic Stage.
Occurs in the Cytoplasm of Cells.
1 Molecule of Glucose is converted into 2
Molecules of Pyruvate and 4 molecules of ATP.
As 2 Molecules of ATP go into Glycolysis and 4
come out, there is a net gain of 2 Molecules of
ATP.
Repeating this stage will produce Lactic Acid as a
bi-product.
A Nice Diagram
Stage 2: Link Reaction
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Occurs in the Mitochondria of cells (specifically at
the Cristae)
Happens Twice for every molecule of Glucose.
The 2 Pyruvate molecules produced in Stage 1 are
then converted into Acetyl CoA through the
reduction of an NAD+ molecule and the addition of
a Coenzyme A molecule.
This produces an NADH molecule, a H+ Ion and
CO2 as bi-products.
No ATP is Synthesised in this stage.
A Nice Diagram
Stage 3: Kreb’s Cycle
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The Acetyl CoA (2 Carbon) combines with
Oxaloacetate (4 Carbon) to form a Citrate
molecule (6 Carbon).
Citrate then deteriorates back into Oxaloacetate,
producing a cycle.
Produces 3 NADH molecules, 1 FADH2 molecule, 1
ATP molecule, 1 CoA and 2 CO2 molecules.
A Nice Diagram
6C
6C
4C
5C
4C
4C
4C
Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation
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This stage produces a lot of ATP
The Electrons from the reduced FADH and FADH2
Coenzymes are used to produce more ATP
molecules through the two stages of Oxidative
Phosphorylation.
Stage 4a: Electron Transport Chain
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NADH and FADH2 are Oxidised to form NAD+
and FAD. The Hydrogen molecules split into H+ Ions
and Electrons (e-).
The e- travel along the electron transport chain
consisting of Three Electron Carriers within the Inner
Mitochondrial Membrane.
The e- transfer energy to carriers, causing them to
pump H+ ions out of the Mitochondrial Matrix into
the Intermembrane space. Forming an
Electrochemical gradient.
Step 4b: Chemiosmosis
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The H+ then travel down the gradient back onto the
mitochondrial matrix, passing through the ATP
Synthase enzyme.
The H+ ions transfer chemical energy to the enzyme
which it uses to synthesise ATP from ADP through the
addition of an Inorganic Phosphate Group.
This process produces 34 molecules of ATP
A Lovely Diagram
Glycolysis
 2ATP
 NADH
Link Reaction
 2 NADH
All Together
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Krebs Cycle
 2 ATP
 6 NADH
 2 FADH2
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4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2
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Total ATP Production
Electron Transport
Chain
30 ATP
4 ATP
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