Download Immune Disorders and Imbalances

Immune Disorders and
Imbalances
Organ Transplants
• There are 4 major varieties of grafts
– Autografts: tissue transplanted from one body site
to another on the SAME person.
– Isografts: tissue donated by a genetically identical
individual (identical twins).
– Allografts: tissues donated by another subject of
the same species
– Xenografts: tissues donated by another species
Organ Transplants
• Before an allograft is attempted the MHC
antigen (the protein that immune cells use for
identification) is typed.
• It is unlikely that any two people will have the
same MHC, but doctors get as close as
possible.
Organ Transplants
• Once the new organ is inserted and stable, the
patient is given Immunosuppressive therapy.
• These drugs reduce inflammation and stop the
division of lymphocytes, so new lymphocytes
can not be produced.
Immunodeficiencies
• Any condition that causes the immune cells to
behave abnormally is called an
immunodeficiency.
Congenital Conditions
• The most devastating congenital condition is
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Syndromes (SCID)
• This condition is a result from multiple genetic
defects that produce a marked deficit of B and
T cells.
SCID
• Intervention to correct this condition must be
taken in the first few months of life.
• Bone marrow transplants or Stem Cell
replacement therapy can help to replenish
immune cells.
Acquired Immunodeficiencies
• HIV and AIDS
– Human Immunodeficiency Virus destroys T-Cells.
– The immune system will mount an attack against
the virus, but over time the B-cells can not
produce enough antibodies and all the T-cells are
affected meaning the person now has Acquired
Immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Auto Immune Diseases
• When the immune system looses the ability to
recognize it’s own cells it has a condition
called autoimmunity.
• If a disease results from this state it is referred
to as an autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune Diseases
• Multiple Sclerosis: destroys brain tissue and
white matter of spinal cord.
• Myasthenia Gravis: Impairs communication
between nerves and muscles
• Type 1 (juvenile) diabetes: destroys pancreatic
cells.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: destroys joints
Auto immune diseases
• The reason why the immune system looses
the ability to recognize it’s self is dependent
upon a variety of factors.
– Lymphocyte programming is ineffective
– New proteins appear that the immune system has
not had a chance to become acquainted with.
– Self antigens look very similar to foreign antigens
and your body can’t tell the difference.
Allergies
• Allergies are when the immune system causes
an inflammation response and in some cases
tissue damage from attacking an invader that
would have been harmless.
• The different types of reactions are
distinguished by (1) time course and (2)
whether T-cells or anti-bodies are involved.
Allergies
• Read pgs 820 – 822
• Hypersensitivities
• Do Vocab, pgs 824 - 826