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Immune Disorders and Imbalances Organ Transplants • There are 4 major varieties of grafts – Autografts: tissue transplanted from one body site to another on the SAME person. – Isografts: tissue donated by a genetically identical individual (identical twins). – Allografts: tissues donated by another subject of the same species – Xenografts: tissues donated by another species Organ Transplants • Before an allograft is attempted the MHC antigen (the protein that immune cells use for identification) is typed. • It is unlikely that any two people will have the same MHC, but doctors get as close as possible. Organ Transplants • Once the new organ is inserted and stable, the patient is given Immunosuppressive therapy. • These drugs reduce inflammation and stop the division of lymphocytes, so new lymphocytes can not be produced. Immunodeficiencies • Any condition that causes the immune cells to behave abnormally is called an immunodeficiency. Congenital Conditions • The most devastating congenital condition is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndromes (SCID) • This condition is a result from multiple genetic defects that produce a marked deficit of B and T cells. SCID • Intervention to correct this condition must be taken in the first few months of life. • Bone marrow transplants or Stem Cell replacement therapy can help to replenish immune cells. Acquired Immunodeficiencies • HIV and AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus destroys T-Cells. – The immune system will mount an attack against the virus, but over time the B-cells can not produce enough antibodies and all the T-cells are affected meaning the person now has Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Auto Immune Diseases • When the immune system looses the ability to recognize it’s own cells it has a condition called autoimmunity. • If a disease results from this state it is referred to as an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune Diseases • Multiple Sclerosis: destroys brain tissue and white matter of spinal cord. • Myasthenia Gravis: Impairs communication between nerves and muscles • Type 1 (juvenile) diabetes: destroys pancreatic cells. • Rheumatoid Arthritis: destroys joints Auto immune diseases • The reason why the immune system looses the ability to recognize it’s self is dependent upon a variety of factors. – Lymphocyte programming is ineffective – New proteins appear that the immune system has not had a chance to become acquainted with. – Self antigens look very similar to foreign antigens and your body can’t tell the difference. Allergies • Allergies are when the immune system causes an inflammation response and in some cases tissue damage from attacking an invader that would have been harmless. • The different types of reactions are distinguished by (1) time course and (2) whether T-cells or anti-bodies are involved. Allergies • Read pgs 820 – 822 • Hypersensitivities • Do Vocab, pgs 824 - 826