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Rome to the Middle Ages Rotation/Station exercise Station 1: Chivalry (Image 1, 2, 3) Read this page and then answer the questions in your notebook. http://www.lordsandladies.org/knights-code-of-chivalry.htm 1. What is Chivalry? 2. Who had to follow the code of chivalry? 3. List 5 values of the code of chivalry. Read this page and then answer the questions in your notebook. http://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/knight_armor_and_weapons.php 1. On image number 2 that you have stuck in, label the following items: Lance, armor, sword, helmet, chain mail, war horse 2. Label some of the parts of armor on your image. Station 2: Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta 1. Read the following information. Use it to complete the following table in your notebook: Name Where is he from? List of places he visited Why did he travel Other interesting information Marco Polo Ibn Battuta 2. On your map, use two colors to indicate the different paths of the two travelers. Marco Polo—The Travels of Marco Polo: Marco Polo (1254-1324) came from the northern Italian city-state of Venice, a city growing increasingly prosperous in the thirteenth century thanks to its trade with the east. Indeed, Polo was born into a family of merchants. His father and uncle had traveled to the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol conqueror of China (note: in the book, the Mongols are sometimes referred to as the Tartars). Sent back to Europe on a mission for the emperor, the Polos returned to China in the early 1270s, accompanied by a seventeen year old Marco. For the next seventeen years, the Polos lived in Kubai Khan’s lands and served the emperor, thus counting among the many foreigners employed by the Khan in administrative and judicial posts. In 1291, the Polos headed back west, arriving home in Venice four years later. Within three years of his return, Marco was captured during a war between Venice and its rival city-state of Genoa, only being released in 1299. Though he never left home again, Polo became a major financier of trading ventures. While in prison in 1298, Marco Polo shared his cell with a professional writer. Out of this chance encounter he wrote a book. Reflecting perhaps his mercantile background, Polo’s work discusses his adventures in the east in a rather unique fashion. The narrative of his journeys and almost two decades in Mongol service takes up only the fifteen-page-long prologue. The rest of the text offers detailed descriptions of the people and places he come across, organized geographically from west to east and back. Although some contemporaries believed Polo’s descriptions verged on the fantastic, the book influenced later European views of the world. Most famously, Christopher Columbus brought a copy along with him in 1492. Ibn Battuta—Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: Fifty years after Polo’s birth, Ibn Battuta was born into a family of Islamic legal scholars from the Moroccan city of Tangiers, located at the far north west of the African continent. Like Polo, Battuta would embark on a journey that took him thousands of miles across Eurasia. However, unlike Polo, Battuta never left his own cultural area for the most part. By the first half of the fourteenth century, the Muslim world stretched from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Indian subcontinent. Muslim traders had begun establishing themselves even further east. In 1325 at age 21, Ibn Battuta left home to make the haji to Mecca. Instead of returning home, he chose to continue travelling. During the following decade, he entered the judicial service of the Sultanate of Delhi and spent eight years in India. In 1341, Battuta was sent to lead a diplomatic mission to China. His journey experienced long delays as numerous disasters befell him. By 1345, Battuta made it to China on his own. The next year, he headed homeward, arriving in Mecca by 1347. After nearly thirty years on the road, Battuta returned home to Morocco in the 1350s. Following Battuta’s return, the Sultan of Morocco commissioned a scholar to record the aged traveler’s experiences in the form of a rihla, or a book of travels. Although it conforms to Muslim literary conventions, Battuta’s rihla offers a rare glimpse into the Muslim world of the early 1300s. Station 3: Crusades Go to this website and watch the 2 minute video about the crusades http://www.history.com/topics/crusades# 1. List reasons why the knights fought in the crusades: 2. On your map of the crusades, highlight the following places: Byzantine empire, France, Holy Roman Empire, England, Spain, Poland, Hungary 3. In a different color, label the following cities: Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople Read the following information and answer the questions below: The Crusades were a series of wars during the Middle Ages where the Christians of Europe tried to retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. Why did they want to control Jerusalem? Jerusalem was important to a number of religions during the Middle Ages. It was important to Jewish people as it was the site of the original temple to God built by King Solomon. It was important to the Muslims because it was where they believe Muhammad ascended to heaven. It was important to Christians as it is where Christ was crucified and rose again. Who fought in the Crusades? The Crusades were between the armies of the Europe, mostly the Holy Roman Empire, and the Arabs that had control of Jerusalem. In the first Crusade this was the Seljuk Turks. There were around 30,000 soldiers from Europe in the first Crusade, they were made up of Knights, peasants, and other commoners. Some saw the army as a way to get rich and try out their fighting skills, while others saw it as a way into heaven. How they got started The initial Crusade began when the Seljuk Turks took control of the Holy Land. Prior to this, the Arabs had been in control of the land. However, the Arabs had allowed Christians to pilgrimage and visit the city of Jerusalem. In 1070, when the Turks took control, they began to refuse Christian pilgrims into the area. Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called for help from the Pope with defending his empire from the Turks and to help push them out of the Holy Land. The Pope helped to gather an army, primarily with the help of the Franks and the Holy Roman Empire. Timeline of the Crusades There were a number of Crusades that took place over the course of 200 years starting in 1095: The First Crusade (1095-1099): The First Crusade was the most successful. Armies from Europe drove out the Turks and took control of Jerusalem. The Second Crusade (1147-1149): In 1146 the city of Edessa was conquered by the Turks. The entire population was killed or sold into slavery. Then a second Crusade was launched, but was unsuccessful. The Third Crusade (1187-1192): In 1187 Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, recaptured the city of Jerusalem from the Christians. A third Crusade was launched led by Emperor Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Richard the Lionheart of England. Richard the Lionheart fought Saladin for several years. In the end he could not conquer Jerusalem, but he did win the right for pilgrims to visit the holy city once again. The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): The Fourth Crusade was formed by Pope Innocent III with the hope of taking back the Holy Land. However, the Crusaders got sidetracked and greedy and ended up conquering and plundering Constantinople instead. Children's Crusade (1212): Started by a French child named Stephen of Cloyes and a German kid named Nicholas, tens of thousands of children gathered to march to the Holy Land. This ended in total disaster. None of the children made it to the Holy Land and many were never seen again. They were likely sold into slavery. Crusades Five through Nine (1217 - 1272): Over the next several years there would be 5 more Crusades. None of them would be very successful in terms of gaining control of the Holy Land. Interesting Facts about the Crusades "Deus vult!", meaning "God wills it" was the battle cry of the Crusaders. It came from a speech the Pope gave while gathering support for the First Crusade. The symbol of the Crusaders was a red cross. Soldiers wore it on their clothing and armor. It was also used on flags and banners. Between the second and the third Crusades, the Teutonic Knights and the Templars were formed to help defend Christendom. These were famous groups of Holy Knights. 1. List some of the leaders of the crusades? 2. Why did the crusades happen? 3. Why was Jerusalem important? Stage 4: Barbarian invasions Look at the maps above and add some color to your map to show the different kinds of Barbarian invaders. 1. List the invaders and what direction they came from in your notebook. Read the information about the Vikings and answer the questions below. The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-born warriors and traders of Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late 8th–11th century. This period (generally dated 793–1066) is often referred to as the Viking Age. The term Viking has also denoted entire populations of Viking Age Scandinavia and their settlements, as an expanded meaning. Famed for their longships, Vikings founded settlements for three centuries along the coasts and rivers of mainland Europe, Ireland, Great Britain, Normandy, the Shetland, Orkney, and Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland circa 1000.[1] They reached south to North Africa and east to Russia and Constantinople, as looters, traders, or mercenaries. Vikings under Leif Ericson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America, with putative expeditions to present-day Canada, Maine and Southeastern Massachusetts, Including Cape cod in the 10th century. Viking voyages decreased with the introduction of Christianity to Scandinavia in the late 10th and 11th century. The word Viking was introduced to the English language with romantic connotations in the 18th century. However, etymologists trace the word to Anglo-Frankish writers, who referred to "víkingr" as one who set about to raid and pillage,[2] as in the saga of Egil Skallagrimsson. In current Scandinavian languages, the term Viking is applied to the people who went away on Viking expeditions, be it for raiding or trading. In English and many other languages, Viking might refer to the Viking Age Scandinavians in general.[3] The preChristian Scandinavian population is also referred to as Norse, although that term is properly applied to the whole civilization of Old-Norse speaking people. Ships There were two distinct classes of Viking ships: the longship (sometimes erroneously called "drakkar", a corruption of "dragon" in Norse) and the knarr. The longship, intended for warfare and exploration, was designed for speed and agility, and were equipped with oars to complement the sail as well as making it able to navigate independently of the wind. The longship had a long and narrow hull, as well as a shallow draft, in order to facilitate landings and troop deployments in shallow water. The knarr, on the other hand, was a slower merchant vessel with a greater cargo capacity than the longship. It was designed with a short and broad hull, and a deep draft. It also lacked the oars of the longship. Longships were used extensively by the Leidang, the Scandinavian defense fleets. The term "Viking ships" has entered common usage, however, possibly because of its romantic associations. In Roskilde are the well-preserved remains of five ships, excavated from nearby Roskilde Fjord in the late 1960s. The ships were scuttled there in the 11th century to block a navigation channel, thus protecting the city, which was then the Danish capital, from seaborne assault. These five ships represent the two distinct classes of the Viking Ships, the longship and the knarr. Longships are not to be confused with longboats. 1. Who were the Vikings and what did they do? 2. Where did the Vikings come from? 3. List the characteristics of the Viking longships next to your picture of a longship. 4. Label/color the three areas of invasions into Europe in the middle ages on the map above in your notebook. Stage 5: The Feudal System 1. Who was most important in the feudal system? 2. Who was least important in the feudal system? 3. List the four groups from the chart in your notebook and give a brief description of what their job was.