REMEMBERING THE FIRST CRUSADE
... development of a particular idea expressed within their pages. Notable in these studies
is an article by Rubenstein that discusses the provenance of a specific manuscript, MS
BNF lat. 14378, containing the histories of Fulcher of Chartres, Walter the Chancellor
and Raymond of Aguilers. He considers ...
Bohemond I of Antioch
... 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer
1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of
some of his brother’s vassals. He surprised and
defeated Roger at Fragneto (Province of Benevento)
and retook Taranto.
The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope
Urban II and the award ...
- Nottingham ePrints
... the involvement of these groups as part of the changing ideas of Holy War and
their transformation as result of the First Crusade. It shows that although the
Reconquista was the result of important political and economic factors within
the Iberian realms, the theological aura that the papacy started ...
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... the involvement of these groups as part of the changing ideas of Holy War and
their transformation as result of the First Crusade. It shows that although the
Reconquista was the result of important political and economic factors within
the Iberian realms, the theological aura that the papacy started ...
Knight Hospitaller (1)
... The Hospital of St John in Jerusalem existed well before the First
Crusade was launched in 1095, having been founded or revived by a
group of Italian merchants from Amalfi in the mid-11th century as part
of a widespread charitable movement to help pilgrims. By the 1080s it
was a flourishing organisa ...
The Great Men of Christendom: The Failure of the Third Crusade
... between Guy of Lusignan and Raymond of Tripoli became so problematic that the latter
actually formed an alliance with Saladin in an attempt to make himself king in Jerusalem.
Reverses on the battlefield proved even more damaging, as the defeat at the Horns of
Hattin left Tyre besieged and the entire ...
get MS Word document
... Additionally, other public buildings were built: Tallinn
German Theatre (Estonian Drama Theatre today) was
finished in 1910, “Estonia” association building (later
Estonia Theatre) in 1913. In the second half of the 19th
century and in the beginning of the 20th century
suburban Nõmme and Merivälja st ...
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A MASS CRUSADE
... • The local churches need to take up offerings within their local churches
to help meet the budget of the crusade. Churches are also encouraged to
put aside a portion of their mission’s budget each month towards the
crusade. Churches should contribute financially according to the size of
the congreg ...
The Crusades: A Short History
... 6. A present day
historian’s view
“The long-term results of the first three
Crusades had little to do with their original
purpose. Politically and religiously they were
a failure. The Holy Land reverted as firmly as
ever to Muslim hands. The Crusades had,
however, been a safety valve for violencepr ...
BI 3321, Early Church
... His unrelenting position that investiture of clergy
should be received only from the pope as God’s
supreme representative in the world was a radical
revolution within the medieval legal and political world.
As an immediate example for implementing the
investiture decree, Gregory suspended some bisho ...
The First Crusade
... other noncombatants,is evidence not only of his dependence upon pilgrim
tradition,but of his beliefthat the Holy Land was not be be won by forceof
armsalone; thatthepoweroftheWordwas greaterthanthepowerofthe Sword;
that the righteousnessof the crusadingarmy was a sure protection.As the
spiritualheir ...
James Plumtree FORMING THE FIRST CRUSADE
... revised edition by Professor Marcus Bull of the University of Bristol for Oxford Medieval Texts (see
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/staff/bull.html.) A draft of this edition, which I have been fortunate enough to
see, shows Hill’s troublesome stylistic mannerisms in translation have been toned dow ...
cooperation and conflict: christian and muslim group identity and
... overall purpose, and that was their identity as members of Christendom.6 As will be
argued in Chapter One, this shared Latin Christian identity provided crusaders with
certain ideas about the Muslim ‘other,’ holy war, and also about the meaning of
Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Christian history, wh ...
The Rise of the Military Religious Orders in the Twelfth Century
... some instances, Christians have strayed from this basic belief in order to fight for their religion.
The most famous example of this are the Crusades of the Middle Ages, during which full scale
war was encouraged by the Catholic Church in order to protect the Holy Land. Out of these
conflicts develo ...
Fear and its Representation in the First Crusade
... wisdom that circulated around the campsite and that had been preached about by clerics’, produced almost
immediately after the crusade. Previously the anonymous author had been viewed as a southern Italian
vassal of Bohemond. Perhaps a lay crusader, probably a knight, but in ‘Crusade and Narrative: ...
A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade
... diametric reduction of the conflict is grossly inaccurate. In fact, the intimate trade relationships that the
Venetians developed as a result of the early Crusades
gave them specific knowledge which proved paramount
in the redirection of the Fourth Crusade through
Constantinople.
As the First Crusad ...
RETHINKING THE CRUSADES University of South Africa
... Crusades are becoming all the more controversial as an increasing number of people add
their voices to those already asking forgiveness or demanding an apology for the
atrocities committed by the Christians during the Crusades. This interesting phenomenon
confirms the fact that present day attitudes ...
Thomas Asbridge - `The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, Devotion and
... annihilation, thousands of miles from home, in northern Syria.
Having prosecuted a gruelling eight-month siege of Antioch, these
disparate Latin forces finally broke into the city on 3 June and
rampaged through its streets. They failed, however, to capture
Antioch's citadel and, on 4 June, advance s ...
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE
... how drastically it altered the landscape of European political, social, and economic
history; this same level of importance must be given to understanding just where this
radical shift in European ideology came from.
Another key area where historians focus their attention on the crusades is as the
o ...
Origins and Lines of the Order - Masonic High Council the Mother
... Pope Innocent II (1130-43) in his bull, Omne datum optimum, brought the Templars under direct papal
authority, providing them with privileges and exemptions that made them an autonomous corporate body,
allowing them to secure an economic base for financing military activities in the Holy Land. They ...
Richard I and Saladin
... shock of Saladin’s victories at Hattin and Jerusalem that prompted the
Third Crusade.
The crusade was led by the three most powerful monarchs in the Latin
West: Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick I of
Germany. This potentially gave the crusade enormous strength, but
things did ...
Fourth Crusade on Constantinople in 1204 AD and its effects on
... both peoples; the Latin and the Greek. This enmity between peoples started during
campaigns, then, aggravated with the increase of these campaigns and when Christian
peoples in the east and west realized their results. The Latin never gave up thinking that
Byzantines were responsible for difficultie ...
THE TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF CERAMICS ACROSS THE
... Those involved in the German Crusade were known mainly for their commitment to a series of
Jewish massacres performed as the Crusaders were heading east to Constantinople. Some
historians believe that these attacks on Jewish populations were provoked primarily by greed,
while others accept that the ...
Review - H
... Sweetenham examine various possible points of genesis and eventually posit that a poem based on Latin
sources and couched in the genre of the chanson de geste was composed (in the Picard dialect?) late in the
twelfth century, perhaps around the time of the Third Crusade (1189-1192). It might have be ...
God`s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades
... Two months after the attack of September 11, 2001, on New York City, former president Bil
Clinton informed an audience at Georgetown University that “[t]hose of us who come from various
European lineages are not blameless” vis-à-vis the Crusades as a crime against Islam, and then
summarized a mediev ...
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were crusades undertaken by the Christian kings of Denmark, Poland and Sweden, the German Livonian and Teutonic military orders, and their allies against the pagan peoples of Northern Europe around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Swedish and German Catholic campaigns against Russian Eastern Orthodox Christians are also sometimes considered part of the Northern Crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, but others, including most of the Swedish ones, were first dubbed crusades by 19th-century romantic nationalist historians. The east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the Livs, Latgallians and Estonians, then the Semigallians, Curonians, Prussians and the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Danes, Germans and Swedes.