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REMEMBERING THE FIRST CRUSADE
REMEMBERING THE FIRST CRUSADE

... development of a particular idea expressed within their pages. Notable in these studies is an article by Rubenstein that discusses the provenance of a specific manuscript, MS BNF lat. 14378, containing the histories of Fulcher of Chartres, Walter the Chancellor and Raymond of Aguilers. He considers ...
Bohemond I of Antioch
Bohemond I of Antioch

... 1086 and acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother’s vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto (Province of Benevento) and retook Taranto. The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award ...
- Nottingham ePrints
- Nottingham ePrints

... the involvement of these groups as part of the changing ideas of Holy War and their transformation as result of the First Crusade. It shows that although the Reconquista was the result of important political and economic factors within the Iberian realms, the theological aura that the papacy started ...
Get cached
Get cached

... the involvement of these groups as part of the changing ideas of Holy War and their transformation as result of the First Crusade. It shows that although the Reconquista was the result of important political and economic factors within the Iberian realms, the theological aura that the papacy started ...
Knight Hospitaller (1)
Knight Hospitaller (1)

... The Hospital of St John in Jerusalem existed well before the First Crusade was launched in 1095, having been founded or revived by a group of Italian merchants from Amalfi in the mid-11th century as part of a widespread charitable movement to help pilgrims. By the 1080s it was a flourishing organisa ...
The Great Men of Christendom: The Failure of the Third Crusade
The Great Men of Christendom: The Failure of the Third Crusade

... between Guy of Lusignan and Raymond of Tripoli became so problematic that the latter actually formed an alliance with Saladin in an attempt to make himself king in Jerusalem. Reverses on the battlefield proved even more damaging, as the defeat at the Horns of Hattin left Tyre besieged and the entire ...
get MS Word document
get MS Word document

... Additionally, other public buildings were built: Tallinn German Theatre (Estonian Drama Theatre today) was finished in 1910, “Estonia” association building (later Estonia Theatre) in 1913. In the second half of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century suburban Nõmme and Merivälja st ...
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A MASS CRUSADE
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A MASS CRUSADE

... • The local churches need to take up offerings within their local churches to help meet the budget of the crusade. Churches are also encouraged to put aside a portion of their mission’s budget each month towards the crusade. Churches should contribute financially according to the size of the congreg ...
The Crusades: A Short History
The Crusades: A Short History

... 6. A present day historian’s view “The long-term results of the first three Crusades had little to do with their original purpose. Politically and religiously they were a failure. The Holy Land reverted as firmly as ever to Muslim hands. The Crusades had, however, been a safety valve for violencepr ...
BI 3321, Early Church
BI 3321, Early Church

... His unrelenting position that investiture of clergy should be received only from the pope as God’s supreme representative in the world was a radical revolution within the medieval legal and political world. As an immediate example for implementing the investiture decree, Gregory suspended some bisho ...
The First Crusade
The First Crusade

... other noncombatants,is evidence not only of his dependence upon pilgrim tradition,but of his beliefthat the Holy Land was not be be won by forceof armsalone; thatthepoweroftheWordwas greaterthanthepowerofthe Sword; that the righteousnessof the crusadingarmy was a sure protection.As the spiritualheir ...
James Plumtree FORMING THE FIRST CRUSADE
James Plumtree FORMING THE FIRST CRUSADE

... revised edition by Professor Marcus Bull of the University of Bristol for Oxford Medieval Texts (see http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/staff/bull.html.) A draft of this edition, which I have been fortunate enough to see, shows Hill’s troublesome stylistic mannerisms in translation have been toned dow ...
cooperation and conflict: christian and muslim group identity and
cooperation and conflict: christian and muslim group identity and

... overall purpose, and that was their identity as members of Christendom.6 As will be argued in Chapter One, this shared Latin Christian identity provided crusaders with certain ideas about the Muslim ‘other,’ holy war, and also about the meaning of Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Christian history, wh ...
The Rise of the Military Religious Orders in the Twelfth Century
The Rise of the Military Religious Orders in the Twelfth Century

... some instances, Christians have strayed from this basic belief in order to fight for their religion. The most famous example of this are the Crusades of the Middle Ages, during which full scale war was encouraged by the Catholic Church in order to protect the Holy Land. Out of these conflicts develo ...
Fear and its Representation in the First Crusade
Fear and its Representation in the First Crusade

... wisdom that circulated around the campsite and that had been preached about by clerics’, produced almost immediately after the crusade. Previously the anonymous author had been viewed as a southern Italian vassal of Bohemond. Perhaps a lay crusader, probably a knight, but in ‘Crusade and Narrative: ...
A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade
A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade

... diametric reduction of the conflict is grossly inaccurate. In fact, the intimate trade relationships that the Venetians developed as a result of the early Crusades gave them specific knowledge which proved paramount in the redirection of the Fourth Crusade through Constantinople. As the First Crusad ...
RETHINKING THE CRUSADES University of South Africa
RETHINKING THE CRUSADES University of South Africa

... Crusades are becoming all the more controversial as an increasing number of people add their voices to those already asking forgiveness or demanding an apology for the atrocities committed by the Christians during the Crusades. This interesting phenomenon confirms the fact that present day attitudes ...
Thomas Asbridge - `The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, Devotion and
Thomas Asbridge - `The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, Devotion and

... annihilation, thousands of miles from home, in northern Syria. Having prosecuted a gruelling eight-month siege of Antioch, these disparate Latin forces finally broke into the city on 3 June and rampaged through its streets. They failed, however, to capture Antioch's citadel and, on 4 June, advance s ...
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE

... how drastically it altered the landscape of European political, social, and economic history; this same level of importance must be given to understanding just where this radical shift in European ideology came from. Another key area where historians focus their attention on the crusades is as the o ...
Origins and Lines of the Order - Masonic High Council the Mother
Origins and Lines of the Order - Masonic High Council the Mother

... Pope Innocent II (1130-43) in his bull, Omne datum optimum, brought the Templars under direct papal authority, providing them with privileges and exemptions that made them an autonomous corporate body, allowing them to secure an economic base for financing military activities in the Holy Land. They ...
Richard I and Saladin
Richard I and Saladin

... shock of Saladin’s victories at Hattin and Jerusalem that prompted the Third Crusade. The crusade was led by the three most powerful monarchs in the Latin West: Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick I of Germany. This potentially gave the crusade enormous strength, but things did ...
Fourth Crusade on Constantinople in 1204 AD and its effects on
Fourth Crusade on Constantinople in 1204 AD and its effects on

... both peoples; the Latin and the Greek. This enmity between peoples started during campaigns, then, aggravated with the increase of these campaigns and when Christian peoples in the east and west realized their results. The Latin never gave up thinking that Byzantines were responsible for difficultie ...
THE TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF CERAMICS ACROSS THE
THE TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF CERAMICS ACROSS THE

... Those involved in the German Crusade were known mainly for their commitment to a series of Jewish massacres performed as the Crusaders were heading east to Constantinople. Some historians believe that these attacks on Jewish populations were provoked primarily by greed, while others accept that the ...
Review - H
Review - H

... Sweetenham examine various possible points of genesis and eventually posit that a poem based on Latin sources and couched in the genre of the chanson de geste was composed (in the Picard dialect?) late in the twelfth century, perhaps around the time of the Third Crusade (1189-1192). It might have be ...
God`s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades
God`s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades

... Two months after the attack of September 11, 2001, on New York City, former president Bil Clinton informed an audience at Georgetown University that “[t]hose of us who come from various European lineages are not blameless” vis-à-vis the Crusades as a crime against Islam, and then summarized a mediev ...
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Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were crusades undertaken by the Christian kings of Denmark, Poland and Sweden, the German Livonian and Teutonic military orders, and their allies against the pagan peoples of Northern Europe around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Swedish and German Catholic campaigns against Russian Eastern Orthodox Christians are also sometimes considered part of the Northern Crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, but others, including most of the Swedish ones, were first dubbed crusades by 19th-century romantic nationalist historians. The east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the Livs, Latgallians and Estonians, then the Semigallians, Curonians, Prussians and the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Danes, Germans and Swedes.
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