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THE CRUSADES. What were the Crusades? The medieval "Crusade" was a holy war sanctioned by the Pope and conducted against groups seen as enemies of Christendom, in this case the Islam. The most important Crusades were expeditions to the Holy Land (Jerusalem and its territory). How the Crusades Began: For centuries, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims, but they tolerated Christian pilgrims because they helped the economy. Then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were also Muslim) conquered these holy lands and mistreated. The Turks also threatened the Byzantine Empire.Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for assistance, and Urban II, seeing a way to use the violent energy of Christian knights, made a speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem to Christianity. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade. When the Crusades Began and Ended: Urban II made his speech calling for Crusade at the Council of Clermont in November, 1095. This is seen as the start of the Crusades. Traditionally, the fall of Acre in 1291 marks the end of the Crusades. Crusader Motivations. The most common reasons were religiously motivated. Individuals would receive eternal forgiveness for his or her sins. The vow to crusade was originally meant for only those who had a militaristic background. Many people was interested in what happened to them after they die, so the promise of forgiveness and gain the paradise was enough to encourage them to fight. Obviously, some people had more interest in monetary gain and the greed for power than in this pilgrimage and forgiveness. Who Went on Crusade: From peasants, artisans, merchants to kings and queens, answered the call. Women were encouraged to give money and stay out of the way, but some went on crusade anyway. Younger sons of the nobility more frequently went crusading in search of estates, properties and fortune of their own. The Number of Crusades: Historians have numbered eight expeditions to the Holy Land. Crusader Territory: After the success of the First Crusade, the Europeans set up a king of Jerusalem and established what is known as the Crusader States: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the county of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, the county of Tripoli, etc. Crusading Orders: Two important military orders were established in the 12th century: the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar. Both were monastic orders whose members took vows of chastity and poverty, yet they were also militarily trained. Their primary purpose was to protect and aid pilgrims to the Holy Land. Both orders were very well financed by land donations in Europe and Holy Land. Impact of the Crusades: Some historians consider the responsible for the changes in the structure of European society that took place in the 12th and 13th centuries. The effort of raising armies and providing supplies for Crusaders stimulated the economy; trade benefited, as well, especially once the Crusader States were established. Interaction between the East and West affected European culture in areas of art and architecture, literature and education. Pope Urban's vision of directing the energies of warring knights outward succeeded in reducing war within Europe and having a common enemy improve the view of Christendom as a united entity. ACTIVITIES. 1. Write down in the text the meaning of the underlined words. 2. Write down the past, participle and present of the verbs of Crusader Motivations paragraph. PRESENT 3. PAST PARTICIPLE Who PRESENT were PAST PARTICIPLE the Templars?. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. How many kingdoms were founded by the Crusaders after the success of the first Crusade?. ________ What was the name of these kingdoms?. ________________________________________________________________________