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Chapter 10
The High Middle
Ages, 1000–1300
Learning Objectives: Questions to
Consider
• How would you describe the overall aim of
the church reform movement?
• What were the positive and negative
consequences of the military expeditions
known as the Crusades?
• What are a few of the ways in which
education changed during the eleventh
and twelfth centuries?
Church Reform and
Spiritual Renewal
• Reform from Within
– A Desire to Change
• Cluny, Founded 910
• Clerical Celibacy
– Not For Sale
• Prohibition of Simony
– The Cistercians
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
Church Reform and
Spiritual Renewal
• The Church and Secular Authority
– The Reform Begins
• Leo IX (r. 1049-1054) and Clerical Standards
– Canossa, 1077
• The Investiture Controversy: Gregory VII (r. 10731085) versus Emperor Henry IV
• The Concordat of Worms, 1122
• Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)
– The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215
• Marriage Reform: Banns and Publicity
– Jews and Muslims in a Christian World
Church Reform and
Spiritual Renewal
• Lay Leaders and Friars
– The Waldensians
• Peter Waldo (ca. 1170s-1218) and Preaching
– The Dualist Cathars
• The Mendicants
– Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)
• Poverty and Preaching
– The Dominicans
• Dominic Guzman
• Combating Heresy
The Crusades
• A War to Renew the Church
– Urban II’s Call to Arms
• The Plea of Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118)
• Clermont, 1095
– Just War
• Knights, Primogeniture, and Ineffective Control of
Warfare
– Notions of Lawful Violence
The Crusades
• Crusading Armies and Crusader States
– Attacks on Jews
– A Professional Army
• Victory in Jerusalem, 1099
– Military Orders
• Knights Hospitaller
• Knights Templar
– Military Skill and Moneylending
– Crusader States
The Crusades
• Crusades in the East and in Europe
– Louis VII and the Second Crusade
– Jihad, Saladin, and the Recapture of
Jerusalem, 1187
– The Third Crusade
• Richard I (r. 1189-1199) and Philip Augustus (r.
1179-1223)
– The Gain of Acre and Truce
– The Teutonic Knights
The Crusades
• Crusades in the East and in Europe
– The Fourth Crusade
• The Seizure of Constantinople, 1204
– Crusading in Europe
• Reconquista
• Albigensian Crusade
• The Impact
– Sectarian Conflict
• “The Infidels”
– Plunder and Profit
The Growth of Royal
Authority
• From Weak Kings to Strong Monarchs
– Consolidating the Royal Domain in France
• Parlement
– The English Kings
• William I (r. 1066-1087) and Norman Conquest
– Henry II (r. 1154-1189): Administration
• Shires, Taxes, and the Exchequer
• Struggle with the Church
– Restraint on the King
• John (r. 1199-1216) and Magna Carta
• Parliament
The Growth of Royal
Authority
• The Politics of Dynastic Families
– A Powerful Heiress
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
– Annulment from Louis VII, Marriage to Henry II
– Henry’s Family
• Alienation and Conflict
– England and France
• Hostility and Dynastic Marriages
The Growth of Royal
Authority
• The Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II
– Holy Roman Empire
• Frederick I (r. 1155-1190)
– Regalia and Imperial Authority
– Frederick II (r. 1197-1250)
• Empire in the North and Italy
• The Instruments of Rule
– Record Keeping and the Chancellor
– Law
• The Revival of Roman Practices
• English Common Law
The Growth of Towns and Trade
• Expansion in Agriculture
– Changes in the Land
• Three-Field Crop Rotation
– New Technology
• Harnesses and Heavy Plows
• Revival of Trade and Towns
– Trade Fairs
– Maritime Trade
– Guilds
• Masters, Journeymen, and Apprentices
The Growth of Towns and Trade
• The Interests of Business
– Insurance
– Credit
• Usury
• The Trade in Slaves
– Sources
– Religion and Slavery
• Prohibitions
• The Rise in Numbers and Demand
The Building of Cathedrals
and the Spread of Learning
• The Great Cathedrals
– New Structures, New Styles
• Romanesque and Gothic
– Notre Dame de Paris, Began 1163
The Building of Cathedrals
and the Spread of Learning
• From Cathedral Schools to Universities
– A Typical Education
• New Learning, New Thinking
– Reasoning
• Logic and Scholasticism
– Peter Abelard (1079-1142) and Heloise
– Interest in Aristotle
• Commentators Avicenna (ca. 980–1037), Averroës
(1126–1198), and Moses Maimonides (1135-1204)
• Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Summae