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Disease Research Centre
Ground Floor
Floor 1: Disease
Floor 2: Antibodies & Antigens
Floor 3: Shark Antibodies
Floor 4: Camel Antibodies
Ground Floor
Disease
Malaria
Cancer
What Is Malaria?
Treatment?
To Malaria
Cycle
Gallery
What Is Malaria?
Malaria is the infection of the liver and red blood cells. The
disease is caused by microscopic parasites. There are five
types of parasites that cause Malaria. Malaria is found in the
tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. It is mainly found in
South Africa, Central and South America, Asia and the IndoPacific regions. Malaria is a serious mosquito transmitted
disease. Over half a million people die each year and about 90%
of these deaths are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Plasmodium Ovale
• Plasmodium Malariae
• Plasmodium Knowlesi
• Plasmodium Vivax
• Plasmodium Falciparum
There are six stages of the malaria transmitting and developing.
Firstly the infected mosquito bites a human passing on the
disease to the human. The parasite takes around thirty minutes
to travel to the live. Once the malaria parasite reaches the liver
it starts to multiply and reproduce. Noticing any symptoms
usually start 9-14 days after the bite. Once the disease activates
it goes into the blood stream and enters the red blood cells,
reproducing and multiplying even more. Once the disease is in
the red blood cells, these blood cells burst infecting other
surrounding blood cells. After the release of the disease, the
malaria parasite keeps travelling through the blood stream
waiting for other mosquitos to carry the disease to pass it on to
other people.
People with Malaria usually suffer from:
• Headache
• Sweating
• Chills
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Pain in joints and muscles
Other symptoms that cause death or severe pain include.
• Seizures
• Confusion
• Kidney failure
• Breathing difficulty
• Coma
Treatment
There are many ways to treat malaria
but there are many factors that change
what treatment is used. These factors
include; what type of parasite has
infected you, where the infection
started, the severity of the symptoms
the age of the patient, if the patient has
any drug allergies and if there are any
other medications taken by the patient.
The person can either take oral
medication or they can also use drugs
to stop further infection, this method is
not always the easiest option. There are
developing drug treatments being
researched.
People can take vaccinations or
medication to help prevent malaria,
they avoid going to really infected
countries and choosing the time to go is
also smart. For people who live in
malaria infected places they can use
bed nets for night times, longer clothing
to prevent the bites, insecticides like
aerosols and vaporizers.
What Is Cancer?
Treatment
What Is Cancer?
Cancer is a disease characterized by its unstoppable out of control
cell growth. There are over one hundred types of cancer, each
named after the initial cell that was affected.
The disease harms the human body when the damaged cells
reproduce and divide causing lumps to form of the tissue which are
called tumours. Tumours can disrupt the function of the digestive,
nervous and circulatory system and they can also release hormones
that changes the bodies function.
Cancer only occurs when the genes in the mutation of the cell make
it unable to correct and fix any DNA damage or kill itself before
further harm is done.
Carcinogens are the substances that are responsible for the
damage of the DNA, promoting or aiding cancer:
• Tobacco
• Asbestos
• Arsenic
• Radiation
• Gamma rays
• X-rays
• The sun
• Some compounds in exhaust fumes
Treatment
The treatment used depends on the type of the cancer, the age,
health status and any additional personal characteristics. Infected
patients receive a combination of treatments, therapies and
palliative care.
Surgery
If the cancer is not metastasized, which is the spread of cancer
through organs, then it is possible to cure cancer completely by
surgically removing it from the body.
Radiation
Radiotherapy cancer by focusing energy onto the cancer cells. This
method causes damage to the cancer cells causing them to self
destruct. This method Is also used for shrinking cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is used to utilize the chemicals that interfere with
the cell reproduction process. Chemotherapy targets any cell in the
human body rapidly dividing. Side effects of chemotherapy include:
• Vomiting
• Hair loss
• Fatigue
• Nausea
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is aimed at the human bodies immune system to
fight the tumour.
Hormone therapy
Some cancers have been caused by some hormones. Hormone
therapy so made to alter the bodies hormone production so the
cancer cells are killed or stop growing.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy replaces damaged genes with ones that stop the
division of cancer cells.
Human
Vaccine
Immune System
What are Vaccines?
Types of Vaccines
What are Vaccines?
Vaccines are preparations that improves the
immunity of the human body against any disease. A
vaccine contains a weakened or killed version of
the disease.
The toxins or surface proteins on the microbe
stimulates the body to recognise the vaccine as a
foreign disease which results in the bodies immune
system to destroy it and remember it so next time
the human gets infected the immune system
recognises it straight away and starts fighting it.
Vaccines are not reliable for full protection from a
disease. Sometimes the immune system fails to
recognise the disease because of lowered
immunity in general.
Most vaccines have boosters after the initial
vaccine these are to ensure full immunity
Types of Vaccines
There are seven types of vaccines
Killed
Killed vaccines were previously virulent but have been destroyed
with chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics
Attenuated
Attenuated vaccines contain the disease which has had its virulent
properties deactivated. These vaccines stimulated a more durable
immune response.
Toxoid
Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxic compounds that cause
illness rather than micro-organisms
Subunit
Only a tiny fragment of the disease can trigger an immune
response. Some subunit vaccines may only have the outer proteins
layer.
Conjugate
Some bacterias have polysaccharide coats that can be poorly
immunogenic. But the outer coats can be linked to proteins to be
recognised as if it were a protein antigen
Dendritic cell vaccines
Dendritic cell vaccines are vaccines that combine dendritic cells
with antigens. This allows the antigen to be noticed by white blood
cells therefore causing an immune reaction.
Antibodies
What does it do
To immune
system gallery
Antibodies
Human Antibodies
Human antibodies (white blood cells) are a protective
protein produced by different parts of the immune
system to respond to the ill presence of a foreign
substance known as an antigen. Antibodies recognize and
latch onto the antigens to break them down and kill them.
A wide range of substances are regarded by the body as
antigens, including disease – causing organisms and
toxic materials such as insect venom.
The steps that are involved in destroying antigens are:
The secretion of lymphocytes stimulates the B
lymphocytes to divide by repeated mitosis. Mitosis is the
division of a cell that results in two identical daughter
cells.
Each cell produced is an exact replica and recognizes
and binds to the same antigen.
These new cells differentiate into plasma cells, cells
whose main function is to produce antibodies.
The plasma cells secrete their receptors that recognize
the antigen, which is now called the antibody.
The antibodies mark the foreign substance and may
either kill it directly or just make it easier for the other
white blood cells to destroy it as described by Cells Alive.
You are now known to be immune
Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/95912steps-antibody-production/#ixzz2Wj31XvD7
http://www.britannica.com/topic/27783/contributors
Antigens
What is an antigen
Substance within the bodies that causes the immune system to
react and produce antibodies
It also may be formed within the body as toxins or tissue cells
Antigens can make their way through the body in many different
ways; the include
Antigens that enter the body from the environment; these would
include
Inhaled macromolecules (e.g., proteins on cat hairs that
can trigger an attack of asthma in susceptible people)
Ingested macromolecules (e.g., shellfish proteins that
trigger an allergic response in susceptible people)
Molecules that are introduced beneath the skin (e.g., on
a splinter or in an injected vaccine)
Antigens that are generated within the cells of the body; these
would include
Proteins encoded by the genes of viruses that have
infected a cell
Aberrant proteins that are encoded by mutant genes;
such as mutated genes in cancer cells
Shark
Antibodies
How They Work
Accessibility
How they Work
An antibody is a specialized protein which is created by
the entrance of an antigen. Antibodies are major
protection against infections and diseases. They are a
part of the immune system and are shaped like a ‘Y’.
The highest section of the antibody works to attach
itself to the infection and by doing this binding to it and
slowing down the process of the infection and possibly
destroying it. The antigens are responsible for this
process as they are substances which actually do most
of the neutralizing. Shark antibodies may be described
as small organisms which flow through the human body
in search of a disease or infection. If one is found, they
latch on like a key in a lock and heal them. Antibodies
work to stop disease such as cancer, malaria and many
others from occurring.
A normal antibody is generally a ‘Y’ shape which works by
connecting to a ‘foreign body’ at its tips. Shark antibodies
however have a different shape. They are also 10 times
smaller than a typical antibody. The antibodies unique
posture and configuration allows it to bind toward cancer
and malaria cells therefore slowing down the reaction and
causing the cancer and malaria reaction to become less
fatal. These antibodies have a unique structure which is
extremely stable allowing it to be safe for all people to take
orally including the elderly and the new born. Its stability
makes it easy for even the elderly to break down, giving it
the ability to fight diseases rapidly.
Accessibility
Obtaining antibodies from sharks is an easy and
painless procedure. The scientists inject the
shark and get blood samples, then they humanize
the blood samples and then they are ready for
experimenting. Obtaining blood samples from a
shark isn’t a reoccurring thing; scientist can
clone the blood samples by adding them to
bacteria and therefore expanding themselves
and creating more antibody volume. If Mick Foley
does however run out of antibodies he shall go
to the aquarium and once again inject the
Wobegong Shark which is living there. If global
warming continues this will result to the heating
of the ocean and the death of all marine life,
here we will turn to the master of survival in hot
weather, Camels as they also posses the same
antibodies as sharks.