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AP Biology Interaction among Living Systems Blizzard Bag 2014 - 2015
1. A team of scientists is investigating how the immune system detects and combats viral
infections. In an experiment on mice, the team first segregates the different classes of immune
cells. Then, they sequentially subject the infected tissue to each class of cells. At no time during
the experiment are the different classes of immune cells in contact with one another.
The different sequences are listed in the table below.
Trial First cells
Second cells
Third cells
1
antigen presenting cells
(APCs)
helper T cells
cytotoxic ("killer") T cells
2
antigen presenting cells
(APCs)
cytotoxic ("killer") T
cells
helper T cells
3
cytotoxic ("killer") T cells
helper T cells
antigen presenting cells
(APCs)
In which set of trials, if any, will the infected cells most likely be destroyed?
A. Trials 2 and 3
B. Trials 1 and 2
C. None of the trials
D. Trial 1
2. When a honeybee returns to the hive after discovering a rich food source, it performs a
dance to communicate this information to the other bees. The bee stands on the vertical
surface of the honeycomb and runs in a circle. With each revolution, the bee walks across the
circle at a particular angle representing the direction of the food source. The picture shown
here represents a bee dance indicating food to the northwest.
The dance of the honeybees is evidence that
A. environmental stimuli can affect gene expression and the production of specific
proteins in animals.
B. natural selection acts on animal behavior and physiology.
C. animals react to released pheromones to gather information about their
surroundings.
D. animals communicate through visual signals to enhance their fitness.
3. A scientist is investigating the effects of a kinase in a signal transduction pathway. The kinase
acts to add a phosphate group on a protein. In a laboratory experiment, the concentrations of
the kinase, the protein, and the phosphorylated protein are measured and recorded over time.
The line graph shows the results.
What do the three lines represent?
A. Line 1: enzyme
Line 2: substrate
Line 3: product
B. Line 1: substrate
Line 2: enzyme
Line 3: product
C. Line 1: product
Line 2: substrate
Line 3: enzyme
D. Line 1: product
Line 2: enzyme
Line 3: substrate
4. The illustration shows four nucleotides that are linked together in a single strand of DNA.
Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a phosphate group, the sugar deoxyribose, and a
nitrogen base.
In which set of ways do regions of DNA differ from one another?
I. the specific arrangement of phosphate groups and nitrogen base around the ribose ring
II. the number of nitrogen bases bonded to the ribose ring
III. the type of nitrogen base bonded to the ribose ring
A. III only
B. II and III only
C. I only
D. I and III only
5. Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets. In many cases, they amplify the
effect of the incoming signal. Which component of the signaling cascade often causes the
amplification?
A. the protein at the end of the cascade
B. the chain of protein kinases
C. sodium and potassium ions
D. the signal-receptor complex
6. A research team allows colonies of a strain of bacteria to grow on agar plates. In each plate,
they monitored the concentration of Protein A, which is a direct product of a bacterial gene.
The graph shows the concentrations they predicted and the actual concentrations they
measured.
Which conclusion is best supported by the researchers' data?
A. Protein A acts to regulate the expression of bacterial genes.
B. The gene that produces Protein A is expressed only during bacterial fission.
C. The gene that produces Protein A is expressed randomly, not continuously.
D. The production of Protein A is a result of quorum sensing.
7. The catalytic effect of an enzyme on its substrate is evaluated in the presence of a variety of
substances. Which describes the substance that most strongly decreases the catalytic effect of
the enzyme? Assume that all substances are acting at the same concentration.
A. a small molecular compound that binds reversibly to the active site of the enzyme
B. a protein that binds the substrate and catalyzes the formation of a different product
C. a protein that catalyzes the formation of the substrate
D. a small molecular compound that binds irreversibly to an allosteric site, changing
the shape of the active site
8. The illustration shows four nucleotides that are linked together in a single strand of DNA.
Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a phosphate group, the sugar deoxyribose, and a
nitrogen base.
For the illustration to show RNA, which set of changes should be made?
I. Change the sugar from deoxyribose to ribose.
II. Replace the phosphate groups with purines and pyrimidines.
III. Change the set of possible nitrogen bases.
A. I and III
B. II only
C. I only
D. I, II, and III
9. A researcher investigating multiple sclerosis compares nerve cells in patients with and
without the disorder. Close observation of neurons indicates damage to the myelin sheaths as
shown.
How does damage to the myelin sheath most commonly affect a person with multiple sclerosis?
A. Impulses are transmitted at accelerated rates.
B. Impulses are transmitted in random directions.
C. Impulses are reversed.
D. Impulses are slowed or stopped.
10. Researchers investigating photoperiodism in plants identified the critical noctoperiod for
Poinsettia plants. They then exposed the plant to different periods of light and darkness as well
as interrupted periods. Their results are summarized in the diagram.
Which conclusion is supported by the data?
A. The plant responds directly to the length of daytime period.
B. The plant responds directly to the length of the noctoperiod.
C. The plant responds to the total length of darkness whether or not it is interrupted.
D. The plant responds to the total length of light whether or not it is interrupted.
11. Scientists classify amino acids into groups based on their chemical properties. When the
amino acid is joined into a protein, its properties determine its effect on the structure and
function of the protein.
The diagram shows the structure of two amino acids: alanine and phenylalanine. Both are
classified in the same group of amino acids.
Of the following four compounds, which is classified in the same group as alanine and
phenylalanine?
W.
X.
Y.
Z.
A. W
B. X
C. Z
D. Y
12. A synapse is the gap between the end of one nerve and the cell it affects. The second cell
may be part of muscle or endocrine tissue, or it may be another nerve cell.
A scientist conducts an experiment on the relationship between synaptic distance and speed of
nerve communication. She begins by separating two nerves by their normal synaptic distance.
Then, she gradually increases the distance. For each synaptic distance, she measures the speed
at which an impulse down the first nerve triggers an impulse down the second nerve.
In the line graph shown below, which line represents the predicted results of the experiment?
A. Line 4
B. Line 1
C. Line 2
D. Line 3
13. The human brain has around 100 billion neurons, consisting of three main types. Sensory
neurons send messages from the sense organs (like the skin, ears, eyes, nose, and tongue) to
the brain and spinal cord for processing. Motor neurons send messages away from the brain, to
muscles and glands which respond to the signal. Interneurons connect sensory and motor
neurons.
Erin accidentally touches a hot stove with her hand, then quickly pulls her hand away. When
she touches the stove, a chemical message is sent within her nervous system, allowing her to
respond and move her hand. Which choice below correctly traces the path of the chemical
message in Erin's nervous system from the moment she touches the stove?
A. sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons
B. motor neurons → interneurons → sensory neurons
C. interneurons → sensory neurons → motor neurons
D. motor neurons → sensory neurons → interneurons
14. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals of the nervous system across
the synapses between neurons. Excitatory neurotransmitters tend to stimulate the body,
whereas inhibitory ones work to calm the body. The two types of neurotransmitters work
together to help the brain maintain homeostasis.
A patient comes in to see his doctor complaining about anxiety, sleeping problems, and
uncontrollable muscle spasms. The doctor wants to test the levels of neurotransmitters to see if
some imbalances are causing the symptoms. The doctor conducts tests for both inhibitory and
excitatory types of neurotransmitters. The results of the test are shown below.
Neurotransmitter Type
Level Detected in Patient
GABA
inhibitory
high
epinephrine
excitatory
high
serotonin
inhibitory
high
dopamine
excitatory
low
acetylcholine
excitatory and inhibitory normal
Which of the following diagnoses is NOT supported by the test results shown in the table?
A. The high level of epinephrine is causing the patient's body to increase production of
GABA, which counteracts the effects.
B. The lack of sleep is caused by high levels of epinephrine, which result in the
overstimulation of the patient.
C. The anxiety is caused by the high levels of serotonin, which result in nervousness
and depression.
D. The muscle spasms are triggered by the low production of dopamine, which
controls muscular function.
15. A scientist is investigating the function of Enzyme Z. In a series of experiments, he mixes the
enzyme in an aqueous solution with its substrate and various other compounds. The table
shows the results.
Trial Mixture
Results
1
Enzyme Z + substrate
no reaction
2
Compound A + substrate
no reaction
3
Compound B + substrate
no reaction
4
Enzyme Z + substrate + Compound A
reaction is catalyzed at a fast rate
5
Enzyme Z + substrate + Compound B
no reaction
6
Enzyme Z + substrate + Compound A + Compound B reaction is catalyzed at a slow rate
Which best describes the roles of Compounds A and B in the enzyme's activity?
A. A is a competing enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction; B is a coenzyme or
cofactor.
B. A is a coenzyme or cofactor; B is a competing substrate that participates in the
same reaction.
C. A is a coenzyme or cofactor; B is an inhibitor
D. A is a regulatory protein that promotes the enzyme's synthesis; B is a regulatory
protein that inhibits the enzyme's synthesis.
16. A researcher investigating bluegill sunfish observes that Daphnia, which are crustaceans,
make up a large part of the fishes' diet. Larger Daphnia provide the fish with more energy than
smaller ones. The researcher noted that when Daphnia are plentiful, the fish eat
indiscriminately. When Daphnia are scarce, however, the fish tend to choose the larger Daphnia
almost 60 percent of the time.
Which observation would suggest that selecting larger Daphnia is a learned behavior?
A. Younger sunfish are able to extrude more energy from Daphnia than older fish can.
B. Older sunfish select larger Daphnia more effectively than younger fish do.
C. Older sunfish require less energy to maintain life processes than younger fish do.
D. Younger sunfish feed in areas where Daphnia are more plentiful than older fish do.
17. The pancreas secretes two hormones—glucagon and insulin—that have opposite effects on
blood glucose levels. Which best describes how body cells receive glucagon and insulin?
A. Glucagon is received by glucagon-specific receptors, and insulin is received by
insulin-specific receptors.
B. Glucagon and insulin are received by identical receptors that are compatible with all
peptide-based hormones.
C. Glucagon is received by glucagon-specific receptors, but insulin is received by
receptors that are compatible with all hormones.
D. Glucagon and insulin are received by identical receptors that are compatible with
both hormones, but not other hormones.
18. A scientist is investigating phosphoglucose isomerase, one of the enzymes of glycolysis. In
her experiment, she places the enzyme and the reactants in an aqueous solution, then
gradually raises the pH of the solution from mildly acidic to mildly basic. She measures and
records the rate of product formation at each pH.
In the line graph below, which line describes the predicted results of the experiment?
A. Line 3
B. Line 2
C. Line 4
D. Line 1
19. A scientist is researching the evolution of signal transduction processes. Which of these
questions would be most useful for her to pose and then investigate with a controlled
experiment?
A. Why are lipid hormones, but not protein hormones, able to cross the cell
membrane?
B. Can cells of multicellular organisms survive as single-cell organisms?
C. Will slight modifications in cell communication in yeast be inherited in offspring?
D. Can a mutation to a somatic (body cell) ever be transmitted to offspring?
20. Scientists classify amino acids into groups based on their chemical properties. When the
amino acid is joined into a protein, its properties determine its effect on the structure and
function of the protein.
The diagram shows the structure of two amino acids: alanine and phenylalanine. Both are
classified in the same group of amino acids.
When alanine and phenylalanine join together in a protein, a chemical bond forms between
which pair of functional groups?
A. the carboxylic acid (-COOH) group of one amino acid, and the amine (-NH2) group of
the other amino acid
B. the carboxylic acid (-COOH) groups of both amino acids
C. the amine (-NH2) groups of both amino acids
D. the amine (-NH2) group of alanine and the phenyl (-C6H5) group of phenylalanine