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Respiration (Start your clickers) RESPIRATION ! Breathing ! A mechanism for providing ATP, NADH ! The release of free energy by oxidationreduction reactions (and storage of part of that free energy) Example glucose + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O !G=-673 Kcal/mole glucose Through coupled reactions, some of this free energy can be applied to the formation of ATP, NADH. Respiration (aerobic) Animals Plants Protists Fungi Some bacteria Fermentation (anaerobic) Fungi Some bacteria Animals and plants (for short periods only) Overall reaction of respiration Inputs glucose C6H12O6 6 O2 36 ADP + 36 Pi Outputs 6 H2 O 6 CO2 36 ATP + 36 H2O Heat Glycolysis: the initial metabolism of glucose Heat 1 2 NAD+ 2 (ADP + Pi) 2 (ATP + H2O) 2 2 NADH + H+ ! 10 reactions, each with its own soluble enzyme; all enzymes in endoplasm ! Converts 1 glucose (C6H12O6) to 2 pyruvic acids (C3H4O3) ! Partial oxidation of glucose (- 4e-); reduction of + + NAD to NADH + H ! Forms 2 ATP (net: uses 2, produces 4) ! Produces waste heat Glycolysis: the initial metabolism of glucose Uses ATP Makes ATP Pyruvic acid oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle 2 Heat 6 H2 O 6 CO2 2(GDP + Pi) 2(GTP + H2O) ! 9 reactions, each with its own enzyme, 8 arranged in a cycle; all but one soluble; all in the matrix of the mitochondrion. ! Completely oxidizes pyruvic acid to CO2 (20e-); 16 to NADH + H+, 4 to FADH2 8NAD+ 2FAD 2FADH2 8NADH ! Adds 6 H2O + 8H+ ! Forms 2 GTP (like ATP but with a different base) ! Produces waste heat Pyruvic acid oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle Makes NADH Makes NADH Makes FADH2 Makes GTP(ATP) Electron transport chain: synthesis of ATP 10NADH 2FADH2 2FAD 10NAD+ Heat 6 O2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 32(ADP + Pi) 12 H2O 32(ATP + H2O) ! Electron carriers in the membrane of the cristae ! All proteins (enzymes) with cofactors, FAD and heme, which carry electrons (i.e., can be alternately reduced and oxidized) ! Oxidize NADH and FADH2 (-2 e- per each + nucleotide, -24 total) to NAD , FAD ! Reduce O2 to H2O (6 O2 = 12 O = 24 e-) ! Synthesize 32 ATP from ADP + Pi (3*8 mitochondrial NADH+ 2*2 endoplasmic NADH + 2*2 FADH2) ! Produce waste heat Electron transport chain: synthesis of ATP Summary ! Free energy in glucose + O2 released through glycolysis, pyruvic acid oxidation, citric acid cycle ! Converted temporarily to free energy of NADH and FADH2 + O2 ! A fraction finally saved as free energy of ATP (and GTP) + H2O Next: how ATP is synthesized