Download 3rd Quarter Exam Review with Answers NEW

3rd Quarter Test Review Sheet
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Photosynthesis
1. The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic raw materials using the energy of the sun is
called ________________. This occurs in the ____________ (name the organelle).
___________ are capable of performing this process.
Photosynthesis; chloroplast; Autotrophs (plants and some algae)
2. The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert __________ energy into __________ energy.
Light; chemical
3. List the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal of each?
Electron Transport Chain – convert light energy into ATP
Photolysis – use light energy to break apart water molecules to replenish the electrons
used in the ETC
4. List the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal of each?
Calvin Cycle – use the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions to build glucose
5. What is the gaseous waste product of photosynthesis? When does it occur?
Oxygen; photolysis
6. What carbohydrate is made from photosynthesis? How can this be used by the plant?
Glucose; to store as starch, build cellulose to make cell walls, make other sugars
7. Why do plants appear green?
Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment and it reflects green light
8. What factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, temperature, intensity of light
Cellular Respiration
9. The synthesis of inorganic materials from organic raw materials is called ________________.
This occurs in the ____________ (name the organelle). What part of this process could take
place if that organelle was not present?
Cellular respiration; mitochondria; Glycolysis (it occurs in the cytoplasm)
10. The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert __________ energy (in the form of
__________) into __________.
Organic chemical; glucose; ATP
11. What are the raw materials of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
12. List the three reactions that make up cellular respiration. Where does each take place?
Glycolysis – cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle – mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain - mitochondria
13. Which reactions in cellular respiration are aerobic? Which are anaerobic?
Glycolysis – anaerobic
Citric acid cycle – aerobic
Electron Transport Chain - aerobic
14. What is oxygen debt?
When the cells of the body do not have enough oxygen to perform the duties required
(ie. During strenuous exercise)
15. If there is not enough oxygen for your body to build the ATP that it needs, what will it do?
Lactic acid fermentation – perform Glycolysis and then use the pyruvic acid molecules
to build lactic acid and release NAD+ molecules that can power more glycolysis
16. Why would your muscles be sore after strenuous exercise?
Build up of lactic acid from lactic acid fermentation
17. Check the boxes that apply to each process.
Photosynthesis
Stores Energy as glucose
Cellular Respiration

Releases Energy in
glucose

Performs Carbon Fixation

Uses an Electron
Transport Chain


Occurs in Living Cells


Releases Oxygen

Releases Carbon Dioxide
Creates Energy

Neither!
Mitosis
18. What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
19. During mitosis, one cell divides into _______ ___________ daughter cells.
Two identical
20. All __________ cells (non-sex cells) go through mitosis.
somatic
21. How does each half of the sister chromatid pair compare to each other?
They are exact copies of one chromosome
22. Where does the spindle attach to the sister chromatids? What is the other purpose of this
structure?
Centromere; holds the sister chromatids together
23. Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell and in an animal cell.
Animal – a furrow forms between the two new cells and it pinches together to split the
two cells apart
Plant – a cell plate forms between the two new cells that is eventually replaced by the cell
wall
24. What organelle is present in animal cells but not plant cells?
centrioles
25. Name the four phases of mitosis and draw what each might look like.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
26. Describe what happens during each phase of mitosis.
Prophase – spindle forms, chromosomes are visible, centrioles head to opposite poles,
nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase – sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell
Anaphase – sister chromatids separate and head to opposite poles of the cells
Telophase – nuclear reappears, spindle breaks down, after which cytokinesis begins
27. What controls when a cell starts the process of division (what are the types of signals)?
Chemical control system
Internal signals – cell senses the presence of enzymes produced within the cell
External signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (such as growth factors)
produced by other specialized cells
Physical signals
When cells are packed in too closely, division is turned off
When cells are not in contact with other cells, division is turned on
28. What happens when mitosis occurs out of control? How might the out-of-control growth of
some cells affect the normal cells around them? Why does this over-growth not happen more
often?
Cancer
Healthy cells around the cancer cells could be deprived of nutrients and/or space
DNA’s repair system usually finds and corrects the errors
DNA and Protein Synthesis
29. Describe the three parts of a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)
30. Describe the three parts of a RNA nucleotide.
Ribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A,U,C,G)
31. What is the primary function of DNA?
Holds the code for building proteins
32. What is the primary function of mRNA?
Copies the code from DNA and brings it to the ribosome
33. What is the primary function of tRNA?
Brings the amino acids to the ribosome for translation
34. What is Replication?
Making a copy of an entire DNA molecule
35. List the steps of DNA Replication.
a. DNA is unzipped and unwound by the enzyme helicase
b. The enzyme Polymerase attaches and reads the DNA
c. DNA nucleotides find their compliments on each side of the DNA strand
d. New bases keep attaching until two identical molecules of DNA are completed.
36. Determine the complementary strand of DNA that would attach to the strand
ATTGCGTGCATG.
TAACGCACGTAC
37. What is Transcription?
Making a copy of a segment of DNA using a strand of mRNA
38. List the steps of Transcription.
a. Copying the portion of DNA that carries the code for a protein is called
transcription.
b. RNA polymerase unwinds a portion of DNA
c. RNA nucleotides find their compliment
d. The RNA strand (mRNA) releases from the DNA strand when the termination
signal is reached
e. mRNA strand is edited and released from the nucleus
39. What is Translation?
Translating the sequence of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids
40. List the steps of Translation.
a. mRNA joins with the ribosome forming a Ribosome-mRNA complex
b. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
c. tRNA anticodons find their compliment codon on the mRNA
d. Peptide bonds forms between the amino acids forming a polypeptide
e. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached
41. Where are proteins synthesized? (name the organelle)
ribosomes
42. Describe how a protein is excreted from a cell.
a. The polypeptide chain that is made during translation is sent to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) for any further structural components
b. Golgi bodies package the protein and send it to the cell membrane
c. The protein is then secreted from the cell and sent where the body needs it
Diagrams to know (see handouts, notes, and book):
DNA Structure ---- Translation Process ----- Phases of Mitosis