Download Electron Transport Chain

Q3 Review
1. The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic raw materials using the
energy of the sun is called ________________.
Photosynthesis
This occurs in the ____________ (name the organelle).
chloroplast
___________ are capable of performing this process.
Autotrophs (plants and some algae)
2. The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert __________ energy into
__________ energy.
Light; chemical
3. List the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal of
each?
Electron Transport Chain – convert light energy into ATP and NADPH
Photolysis – use light energy to break apart water molecules to replenish
the electrons used in the ETC
4. List the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal
of each?
Calvin Cycle – use the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions to
build glucose
5. What is the gaseous waste product of photosynthesis? When does it occur?
Oxygen; photolysis
6. What carbohydrate is made from photosynthesis? How can this
be used by the plant?
Glucose; to store as starch, build cellulose to make cell
walls, make other sugars
7. Why do plants appear green?
Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment and it reflects
green light
8. What factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, temperature, intensity of light,
9. The synthesis of inorganic materials from organic raw materials is
called ________________.
Cellular respiration
This occurs in the ____________ (name the organelle).
mitochondria
What part of this process could take place if that organelle was
not present?
Glycolysis (it occurs in the cytoplasm)
10. The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert __________
energy (in the form of __________) into __________ energy
(in the form of __________).
chemical; glucose; chemical; ATP
11. What are the raw materials of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
12. List the three reactions that make up cellular respiration. Where
does each take place?
Glycolysis – cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle – mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain - mitochondria
13. Which reactions in cellular respiration are aerobic? Which are
anaerobic?
Glycolysis – anaerobic
Citric acid cycle – aerobic
Electron Transport Chain - aerobic
14. What is oxygen debt?
When the cells of the body do not have enough
oxygen to perform the duties requires (ie. During
strenuous exercise)
15. If there is not enough oxygen for your body to build
the ATP that it needs, what will it do?
Lactic acid fermentation – perform Glycolysis
and then use the pyruvic acid molecules to build
lactic acid and release NAD+ molecules that can
power more glycolysis
16. Why would your muscles be sore after strenuous
exercise?
Build up of lactic acid from lactic acid
fermentation
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Stores Energy as glucose
Cellular Respiration
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Releases Energy in glucose
Occurs in Living Cells
Uses an Electron Transport
Chain
Occurs in Plant Cells
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Occurs in Animal Cells
Releases Oxygen
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Releases Carbon Dioxide
Creates Energy
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Neither!
18. What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
19. During mitosis, one cell divides into _______ ___________ daughter cells.
Two identical
20. All __________ cells (non-sex cells) go through mitosis.
somatic
21. How does each half of the sister chromatid pair compare to each other?
They are exact copies of one chromosome
22. Where does the spindle attach to the sister chromatids? What is the other
purpose of this structure?
Centromere; holds the sister chromatids together
23. Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell and in an animal cell.
Animal – a furrow forms between the two new cells and it pinches
together to split the two cells apart
Plant – a cell plate forms between the two new cells that is eventually
replaced by the cell wall
24. What organelle is present in animal cells but not plant cells?
centrioles
25. Name the four phases of mitosis and draw what each might
look like.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
26. Describe what happens during each phase of mitosis.
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Prophase – spindle forms, chromosomes are visible, centrioles
head to opposite poles, nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase – sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell
Anaphase – sister chromatids separate and head to opposite poles
of the cells
Telophase – nuclear envelope reappears, spindle breaks down,
afterwhich cytokinesis begins
27. What controls when a cell starts the process of division (what are the types of
signals)?
Chemical control system
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Internal signals – cell senses the presence of enzymes produced
within the cell
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External signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (such as
growth factors) produced by other specialized cells
Physical signals
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When cells are packed in too closely, division is turned off
–
When cells are not in contact with other cells, division is turned
on
28. What happens when mitosis occurs out of control?
cancer
How might the out-of-control growth of some cells affect the normal cells
around them?
Healthy cells around the cancer cells could be deprived of nutrients and/or
space
Why does this over-growth not happen more often?
DNA’s repair system usually finds and corrects the errors
29. Describe the three parts of a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
(A,T,C,G)
30. Describe the three parts of a RNA nucleotide.
Ribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A,U,C,G)
31. What is the primary function of DNA?
Holds the code for building proteins
32. What is the primary function of mRNA?
Copies the code from DNA and brings it to the ribosome
33. What is the primary function of tRNA?
Brings the amino acids to the ribosome for translation
34. What is Replication?
Making a copy of an entire DNA molecule
35. List the steps of DNA Replication.
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DNA is un zipped and unwound by the enzyme
helicase
The enzyme Polymerase attaches and reads the DNA
DNA nucleotides find their compliments on each side
of the DNA strand
New bases keep attaching until two identical
molecules of DNA are completed.
36. Determine the complementary strand of DNA that
would attach to the strand ATTGCGTGCATG.
TAACGCACGTAC
37. What is Transcription?
Making a copy of a segment of DNA using a
strand of mRNA
38. List the steps of Transcription.
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Copying the portion of DNA that carries the code for a
protein is called transcription.
RNA polymerase unwinds a portion of DNA
RNA nucleotides find their compliment
The RNA strand (mRNA) releases from the DNA
strand when the termination signal is reached
mRNA strand is edited and released from the nucleus
39. What is Translation?
Translating the sequence of nucleotides into a
sequence of amino acids
40. List the steps of Translation.
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mRNA joins with the ribosome forming a RibosomemRNA complex
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
tRNA anticodons find their compliment codon on the
mRNA
Peptide bonds forms between the amino acids forming
a polypeptide
Translation stops when a stop codon is reached
41. Where are proteins synthesized? (name the organelle)
ribosomes
Protein Secretion
• The polypeptide chain that
is made during translation is
sent to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) for any
further structural
components
• Golgi bodies package the
protein and send it to the
cell membrane
• The protein is then
secreted from the cell and
sent where the body needs
it
http://courses.washington.edu/conj/cell/secretion.htm