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HowtDCSpolarizesa highlyfoldedcortex MaromBikson LucasParra,AsifRahman,NiranjanKhadka,JacekDmochowski, DorisLing,MarkJackson,DennisTruong,BelenLafon,Gregory Kronberg,OleSeibt,DevinAdair,NigelGebodh,ThomasRadman Disclosure: SoterixMedicalInc.producestDCSandHigh-DefiniPon tDCS.MaromBiksonisfounderandhassharesinSoterix Medical.MaromBiksonservesonthescienPficadvisory boardofBostonScienPficInc. Support: NIH(NINDS,NCI,NIBIB),NSF,AndyGroveFoundaPon, EpilepsyFoundaPon,WallaceCoulterFoundaPon,DoD (USAF,AFOSR) SlidesatNeuralEngr.com ConcentricspheremodelsoftDCS Rush&Driscoll(1968)Current distribuPoninthebrainfrom surfaceelectrodes AnalyBcalSoluBon ConcentricspheremodelsoftDCS Rush&Driscoll(1968)Current distribuPoninthebrainfrom surfaceelectrodes AnalyBcalSoluBon Mirandaetal.(2006)Modeling thecurrentdistribuPonduring transcranialdirectcurrent FiniteElementMethod Da^aetal.(2008):TranscranialcurrentsPmulaPonfocality usingdiscandringelectrodeconfiguraPons:FEManalysis. MontageopBmizaBon Dmochowskietal.(2012):ThepointspreadfuncPonofthe humanhead-implicaPonsfortranscranialcurrentsPmulaPon. neuralengr.com/spheres ConcentricspheremodelsoftDCS Rush&Driscoll(1968)Current distribuPoninthebrainfrom surfaceelectrodes AnalyBcalSoluBon Mirandaetal.(2006)Modeling thecurrentdistribuPonduring transcranialdirectcurrent FiniteElementMethod Da^aetal.(2008):TranscranialcurrentsPmulaPonfocality usingdiscandringelectrodeconfiguraPons:FEManalysis. MontageopBmizaBon Dmochowskietal.(2012):ThepointspreadfuncPonofthe humanhead-implicaPonsfortranscranialcurrentsPmulaPon. neuralengr.com/spheres Da^aetal.(2008) Cathode Anode • Completecurrentpathfrom AnodetoCathode Cathode Anode • Completecurrentpathfrom AnodetoCathode • InwardunderAnode,Outward underCathode Cathode Anode • Completecurrentpathfrom AnodetoCathode • InwardunderAnode,Outward underCathode • TangenPalbetweenelectrodes • Asymmetricpyramidal neuronsincorPcalcolumns • DirecPonalcurrentflow relevanttocorPcalsurface (columnsandpyramidal neurons) • Polarityspecificpyramidal polarizaPonwithradialcurrent • Atanypolarity:Nosuchthing asa“depolarizing”tDCS Biksonetal.(2004)EffectsofuniformextracellularDCelectricfieldson excitabilityinrathippocampalslicesinvitro.JournalofPhysiology.2004 • TangenPalcurrentflow polarizesafferentaxons • NeuromodulaPonatall direcPonsofcurrentflow Rahmanetal.(2004)CellularEffectsofAcuteDirectCurrentSPmulaPon: SomaPcandSynapPcTerminalEffects.JournalofPhysiology.2013 Da^aetal.(2008) Da^aetal.(2008) M1-SOPads 4x1HD Da^aetal.(2008)FocaltDCSusingconcentricringelectrodeconfiguraPons. 3rdInternaPonalConferenceonTMS/tDCSconference Da^aetal.(2009)Gyri–preciseheadmodeloftranscranialDCsPmulaPon: ImprovedspaPalfocalityusingaringelectrode.BrainSPmulaPon M1-SOPads • Currentbetweenandaroundelectrodes • ClusteringofintensitybasedofidiosyncraPcanatomy • Peakbetweenelectrodes Da^aetal.(2008)FocaltDCSusingconcentricringelectrodeconfiguraPons. 3rdInternaPonalConferenceonTMS/tDCSconference Da^aetal.(2009)Gyri–preciseheadmodeloftranscranialDCsPmulaPon: ImprovedspaPalfocalityusingaringelectrode.BrainSPmulaPon • MajorityofcurrenttangenPal • DirecPonalityinversionwithinGyri(underelectrode) Howcanpolarityspecific(orany) effectsresultwithmixedpolarizaBon? Rahmanetal.(2004)CellularEffectsofAcuteDirectCurrentSPmulaPon: SomaPcandSynapPcTerminalEffects.JournalofPhysiology.2013 • Input/OutputsensiPvetoanodalpolarizaPononly Lafonetal.(2016)DirectCurrentSPmulaPonaltersneuronalinput/output funcPon.BrainSPmulaPon • Input/OutputsensiPvetoanodalpolarizaPononly • OnapopulaPonlevelnetchangeinmixedpolarizaPon Lafonetal.(2016)DirectCurrentSPmulaPonaltersneuronalinput/output funcPon.BrainSPmulaPon • NetworkacPvity“binds”oppositepolarizedregionsto produceacoherenteffects Reatoetal.(2013)TranscranialelectricalsPmulaPonaccelerateshumansleep homeostasis.PLOSComputaPonBiology • PreferenPalenhancementofplasPcitybyanodaltDCS Rahmanetal.(2016)InRevision