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Transcript
Digestion of Biomolecules Stryer Short course Chapter 14 Hydrolysis Reactions • Proteins amino acids – Proteases, peptidases • Complex carbohydrates monosaccharides – amylase • Triacylglycerides fatty acids – lipase Zymogens • Proenzymes—inactive precursors • Cannot release digestive enzymes everywhere! • Pepsinogen pepsin: autocatalysis at low pH Pancreatic Zymogens Mechanism • Protease activates trypsin • Trypsin activates other zymogens Stomach • Highly acidic, denaturing environment • Pepsin begins work • Acidic, partially digested food enters intestine – Activates secretin to neutralize adic – Activates hormone causing release of pancreatic zymogens and bile salts Stomach acid • Prilosec: irreversible inhibitor of proton, potassium pump Error in carbonic anhydrase Proteins in the Intestine • Protein digestion continues with proteases in lumen • Transporter proteins essential—basis of some genetic diseases • Amino acids then sent to liver • Gluten sensitivity Carbohydrates in the Intestine • ‐amylase • Limiting dextrins • Maltase, sucrose, lactase, glucosidase, dextrinase all work to digest to monosaccharides Carbohydrate Transporters Lipid Digestion • Complicated by insolubility • Emulsion form in stomach • Extra steps of degradation/re‐ assembly • Bile salts – Cholesterol lowering medications Pancreatic Lipases • Zymogens • Fatty acids and MAG • Miscelle formation Transport to Liver • Fatty acid binding proteins • Fatty acid transport proteins • Smooth enoplasmic reticulum • chylomycrons