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Transcript
The impact of a limited supply of stem cell lines on stem cell research and potential solutions. Vinodhini Namratha Gowda IB Extended Essay Philosophy Abstract: On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush declared that the United States government funding for stem cell research would be limited to research on existing stem cell lines. This announcement posed dilemmas for stem cell researchers who were dependent on federal funding and on having an abundant supply of stem cell lines. This paper explores the alternative methods for conducting stem cell research without federal funding. In addition, there are moral and ethical issues raised by the creation of stem cells lines, one of which is whether an embryo is considered a human. The alternative methods for deriving stem cell lines that have been uncovered are discussed along with how they have contributed to and the impact they have had on recent research efforts. In conclusion, alternative methods to overcome issues of funding, methods, and process efficiency have been found, but there are still ongoing debates on an acceptable position on the moral and ethical issues. If a non-destructive method for deriving the stem cells from embryos could be found, then embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics could provide a viable source of stem cell lines while eliminating the issues of moral and ethical beliefs. Table of Contents: I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Personal Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Defining Stem Cells and the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 IV. Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A. Pros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B. Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 V. Personal Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 VI. Alternate Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. New Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B. Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 VII. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Bibliography: Abbott, Alison. "'Ethical Stem-Cell Paper Under Attack." Nature.Com. 6 Sept. 2006. Nature Publishing Group. Sept. 2006 <http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060904/full/443012a.html>. Abbott, Alison. "Naturally Dead Embryos Yield Stem Cells." Nature.Com. 21 Sept. 2006. Nature Publishing Group. 24 Sept. 2006 <http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060918/full/060918-10.html>. "Advanced Cell Technology Announces Technique to Generate Human Embryonic Stem Cells That Maintain Developmental Potential of Embryo." Advanced Cell Technology. 2006. Advanced Cell Technology. Sept. 2006 <http://www.advancedcell.com/press-release/advanced-cell-technologyannounces-technique-to-generate-human-embryonic-stem-cells-that-maintainsdevelopmental-potential-of-embryo>. "Californians Approve Stem Cell Research Funding." USA Today. 2006. USA TODAY. 17 Sept. 2006 <http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2004/200411-02-ca-initiative-stem-cell_x.htm>. Cookson, Clive. "Researchers Find a Way Around Biotech's Ethical Impasse." Financial Times 24 Aug. 2006: 7. Macdonald, Chris. "The Ethics of Stem Cell Research." Stem Cells.Ca. Aug.-Sept. 2006 <http://www.stemcells.ca/>. Ruse, Michael, and Christopher A. Pynes. The Stem Cell Controversy. New York: Prometheus Books, 2003. 9-13. Scott, Christopher T. Stem Cell Now: From the Experiment That Shook the World to the New Politics of Life. New York: Pi P, 2006. 2-134. "S Korea Cloning Research Was Fake." BBC News. 23 Dec. 2005. BBC MMVI. Sept. 2006 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4554422.stm>. "State Embryonic and Fetal Research Laws." National Conference of State Legislatures. 14 Aug. 2006. National Conference of State Legislatures. Sept. 2006 <http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/Genetics/embfet.htm>. United States. Cong. Senate. Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations on Stem Cells Research. 109th Cong., 1st sess. 19 Oct. 2005. Aug. 2006 <http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS67523>.