Download 9.2 Types of Antibodies and Vaccines ppt

Do Now 3/26/15
1. How are nonspecific defenses different than specific
defenses?
2. How does a fever help protect the body from
pathogens?
3. Which types of nonspecific defense involves the
pathogens being consumed by a human cell?
4. How do antibodies support the body’s immune
system?
By the end of class today, we
will be able to…
• Describe the types of antibodies, their purposes, and how
they help fight infections
• Describe the types and effectiveness of vaccines
Antibodies (Immunoglobulin)
Once antibodies are created, they have many ways of fighting
off foreign particles:
• Agglutination – antigens and antibodies clumping together
which increases phagocytosis of the antigen
• Neutralization – antibodies bind to the toxic portions of the
antigen and neutralize their effects
Antibodies…ACTIVATE!
• Certain antibodies can activate complement system and do
the following things:
• Complement = a group of proteins activated by IgM or IgG to help
antibodies
1. Opsonization: “Marks” the antigens with a opsonin protein
to enhance the phagocytosis of antigens
2. Lysis: Rupturing the cell membrane and destroying the cells
containing foreign antigens
3. Chemotaxis: Attracting macrophages and Neutrophils to the
location
4. Alter the molecular structure of viruses
5 Types of Antibodies
(Immunoglobulin)
• Made by B cells (type of lymphocyte)
1. IgG: Helps fight bacteria, viruses and toxins. Activates
complement.
2. IgA: Found in exocrine excretions to fight particles in tears,
stomach juices, bile and urine.
3. IgM: Recognize food and bacteria antigens in the blood.
Activates complement. Helps agglutinate or clump antigens.
4. IgD: Found mostly on infants and helps active B cells.
5. IgE: Found in exocrine excretions and creates allergic
reactions (hives, asthma, hay fever, etc.)
Who Am I?
Memory Cells
• Lymphocytes (T and B cells) create memory cells during
activation that can stay in the body for years or an entire
lifetime
• Serves as instructions of how to fight off that antigen in the
future
• “Memory” of the immune system
• The first time you get infected, your body has a primary
response
• Slow, takes many days to form because your body is trying to
figure out how to fight off the foreign infection and creating the T
and B cells for the first time
• The second time you get infected, your body has memory cells
so the secondary response is much faster because the body
can activate quicker, therefore you usually won’t get sick
• This is called IMMUNITY!!
Types of Immunity
• Active immunity – a person has to fight off the infection by
making their own antibodies and lymphocytes.
• These last a long time because you will also create memory cells
when you make the T and B cells
• Passive immunity – a person is given antibodies to fight the
infection but does not create them themselves
• Since they didn’t make any T or B cells, they don’t have any
memory cells and thus the immunity only lasts a short time until
the antibodies break down
• Ex: antibodies passed from mother to baby
Vaccines
• Most vaccines are artificially created active immunities
• A person is injected with a virus or bacteria that has been
made very weak or is dead
• The body reacts to the foreign particles and creates T and B
cells (with memory cells) to develop immunity, without getting
sick
• Sometimes a person can get sick but this rarely happens and
the benefits > risks
• Tough diseases sometimes require multiple shots over time,
each getting stronger to build up the immunity slowly
(ex: rabies)
Can you be too clean?
Many parents are afraid to let their kids play in the dirt and get
sick when they are young. While it is important that we protect
our children, not letting them interact with dirt or ever get sick
can have really bad consequences. Discuss why children need to
interact with dirt and get sick sometimes in order to build up
their immune system and not have the issues later in life we see
from overly-sheltered children.
http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightlynews/49336057#49336057
Are vaccines and Autism
correlated?
Many parents are afraid to give their children vaccines because
they worry about bad things happening to their kids that they
hear about in the media. While it is possible that you can get
sick from a living vaccine, it is very rare. Find 2-3 reputable
sources debating this issue. Discuss whether or not you believe
it is important to give your children vaccines.
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patiented/conversations/downloads/not-vacc-risks-bw-office.pdf