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Transcript
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Glycogen 1 What is Glycogen? • Branched polymer of glucose • Storage form of glucose – Liver • Maintenance of blood glucose levels, especially during fasting – Skeletal Muscle • Fuel reserve for synthesis of ATP for muscle contraction Draw Structure 2 Types of Polysaccharide Linkages • What is an alpha 1->4 linkage? • What is a beta 1->4 linkage? • How are monosaccharides branched at C6? Illustrate 3 Branched Structure of Glycogen What is meant by non-reducing vs. reducing end? 4 Reducing v. Nonreducing Sugars • A reducing sugar has an anomeric C that has NOT formed a glycosidic bond, such that it can reduce oxidizing agents. Recall what an anomeric C is! 5 Reducing v. Nonreducing Sugars Glycogen has one reducing end. All other ends are non-reducing. 6 A Closer Look at Glycogen • Today: Glycogen Breakdown • Monday: Glycogen Synthesis • Wednesday: Control of Glycogen Synthesis 7 Three Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown • Glycogen Phosphorylase – Produces Glucose 1-Phosphate – Uses Pyridoxal 5’-Phosphate (cofactor) • Glycogen Debranching Enzyme – 2 Enzymatic functions • Produces glucose • Transfers branches onto main polymer chain • Phosphoglucomutase 8 Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase uses the cofactor pyridoxal 5’-phosphate to catalyze production of glucose 1-phosphate from a terminal end of glycogen. 9 Glycogen Phosphorylase Mechanism 1. Formation of a ternary complex Glycogen + Pi + 10 Glycogen Phosphorylase Mechanism 2. Formation of an oxonium intermediate 11 Glycogen Phosphorylase Mechanism 3. Formation of glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 1-Phosphate + Glycogenn-1 12 Three Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown • Glycogen Phosphorylase – Produces Glucose 1-Phosphate – Uses Pyridoxal 5’-Phosphate (cofactor) • Glycogen Debranching Enzyme – 2 Enzymatic functions • Produces glucose • Transfers branches onto main polymer chain • Phosphoglucomutase 13 Glycogen Debranching Enzyme Transferase activity 14 Phosphoglucomutase 15 Glycogen Debranching Enzyme Transferase activity 16 How To Study • Learn all 10 steps of Glycolysis – Substrates – Products – Enzymes – Know general process by which mechanisms occur • Learn 3 enzyme activities used to break down glycogen 17 PRS • What is the maximum number of O2 molecules that hemoglobin can bind? 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four 18 PRS • What is the product formed by the activity of triose phosphate isomerase in glycolysis? 1. 2. 3. 4. Glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvate 19 PRS • How many ATP’s are produced after the first stage (Steps 1-5) of glycolysis? 1. 2. 3. 4. None One Two Four 20 PRS • Which of the following vitamins are fat soluble? 1. 2. 3. 4. Vitamin C Vitamin A Riboflavin Folate 21 PRS • 1. 2. 3. 4. B cells mature in the ________. Thymus Bone marrow Muscle tissue Myosin 22 PRS • Oxygen binding to myoglobin results in what shaped curve? 1. Sigmoidal 2. Hyperbolic 3. Linear 4. Sinusoidal 23 PRS • Which of the following amino acids is not in the catalytic triad of serine proteases? 1. Ser 2. Thr 3. His 4. Asp 24 PRS • 1. 2. 3. 4. What is Km? The catalytic efficiency The catalytic rate constant 1/2 Vmax [S] at 1/2 Vmax 25