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9/10/2015 THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION SAGA II: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE & OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION NAD+ is a coenzyme that is reduced to NADH using electrons NAD+ + 2H Becomes reduced 2 H+ + 2 NADH H+ (carries) 2 electrons) 2 1 9/10/2015 PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Electron transport chains NAD+ NADH Energy released and available for making 2 ATP 2 1 − 2 O2 H2O 2 H+ 3 Figure 6.6-0 Electrons carried by NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION ATP ATP ATP 2 9/10/2015 GLYCOLYSIS Takes place in cytoplasm of all living organisms ATP • 4 ATP’s made (synthesized) • ‐2 ATP’s invested = 2 net ATP’s via substrate level phosphorylation • ATP 2 Pyruvate molecules synthesized from 1 glucose • No Oxygen required! • 2 NAD+s reduced to NADH’s = 4 electrons stolen NADH NADH 5 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis, fermentation and pyruvate oxidation 3 9/10/2015 PYRUVATE OXIDATION Cleans up the two pyruvates for the citric acid cycle • Start with 3 Carbons • End with 2 Carbons and a coenzyme (Acetyl CoA) • Produce 2 NADH + CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 CoA Pyruvate Acetyl coenzyme A 1 CO2 3 Coenzyme A 7 AEROBIC RESPIRATION ROAD MAP Starts with glucose, end with ATP + CO2 + water + heat CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate Glucose +2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 2 NADH Pyruvate Oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA CO2 Citric Acid Cycle +2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 4 9/10/2015 CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE Operation: “Capture Electrons!” • 6 steps • OXYGEN REQUIRED • No energy investment necessary finish start 9 CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 1: Get rid of coenzyme and bond with 4 C molecule to make 6C molecule CoA Acetyl CoA CoA 2 carbons enter cycle Oxaloacetate 1 Citrate 10 5 9/10/2015 CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 2: Oxidize 6 C molecule to give NADH • CO2 is released • Left with 5 C molecule Citrate NAD+ + H+ NADH 2 CO2 leaves cycle 11 CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 3: Make an ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation • CO2 is released • More NADH is made • Left with 4 C molecule CO2 leaves cycle 3 NAD+ ADP + P NADH + H+ ATP 12 6 9/10/2015 CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE Operation: “Capture Electrons” • • • • Steps 4‐6: More CO2, NADH Release FADH2 Add water to re‐make 4C molecule we started with start Finish 13 KREBS CYCLE Acetyl CoA CoA Operation: “Capture Electrons” CoA • Lots of redox reactions harvest electrons • Starts and ends with oxaloacetate (4C molecule) Citric Acid Cycle 2 CO2 3 NAD+ FADH2 3 NADH FAD + 3 H+ ATP ADP + P 7 9/10/2015 KREBS OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE Takes place in mitochondria • • 2 ATP’s synthesized via substrate level phosphorylation ATP ATP Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate and cycle renews oxaloacetate • Oxygen required! • Co2 given off • 4 NAD+s reduced to NADH’s • 2 FADs reduced to FADH2’s = 12 electrons banked FADH2 NADH NADH FADH2 NADH 15 NADH AEROBIC RESPIRATION Electrons carried by NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate CYTOSOL ATP Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle FADH2 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron transport and chemiosmosis) MITOCHONDRION Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation 8 9/10/2015 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Operation: “Make ATP” OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Chemiosmosis generates energy to phosphorylate ATP • Gradient of H+ ions create potential energy on the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane (remember it has 2) • ATP Synthase acts like a turbine or rotor 9 9/10/2015 CHEMIOSMOSIS INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ The process of making ATP from a Concentration gradient Rotor • The energy of H+ rushing in provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP • Oxidative Phosphorylation rather than substrate‐ level phosphorylation ADP + P ATP AEROBIC RESPIRATION Oxidation of 1 glucose molecule CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate Glucose 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 2 NADH Pyruvate Oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis) Citric Acid Cycle Maximum per glucose: O2 +2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation CO2 H2O +2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + about 28 ATP About 32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation 10 9/10/2015 AEROBIC RESPIRATION MANY steps result in products necessary to live C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 *Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide 6 H2O ATP Heat Water *Glucose is the preferred molecule for respiration, but we can use 21 other types also ATP FROM OTHER SOURCES Food Carbohydrates Sugars Fats Proteins Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids Amino groups Glucose G3P Pyruvate Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP 11 9/10/2015 THE BIGGER PICTURE Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Organic Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP molecules + O2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy REQUIRED VIDEO & READING Required Video! “The Cellular Respiration Song” Video links on website: Biosbcc.net/harrer 12 9/10/2015 TODAY’s CHECK‐IN (3pts) Open Notebook & NOTHING ELSE! **First try with no notes! 1. Draw a diagram showing the pathways of cellular respiration. Include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation (2pts) . 2. Rate your understanding. Be honest. (1pt) A) Easy money, I totally get it! B) I get the idea but the details are still a tad fuzzy. C) This was hard, I should probably stop by for office hours to clarify. 13