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Chromosomes and Phenotype KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. Chromosomes and Phenotype Autosomes • Autosomes are: – All chromosomes other than – Mendel studied autosomal sex chromosomes gene traits like hair texture – Do not directly determine an – Two (2) copies of each organism’s sex autosomal gene affect phenotype Chromosomes and Phenotype Autosomal gene expression: • Two (2) alleles that interact to produce a phenotypic trait • Mendel’s rules of inheritance apply to autosomal genetic disorders. • Complete the Punnett square in the notes using this one… – A heterozygote for a recessive disorder is a carrier. – Disorders caused by dominant alleles are uncommon. (dominant) Chromosomes and Phenotype Sex Chromosomes • Sex chromosomes are: The genes that determine an organism’s sex – Y chromosome genes in mammals are responsible for male characteristics. – X chromosome genes in mammals affect many traits. Chromosomes and Phenotype Inheritance of sex chromosomes: Complete the Punnett square in the notes using this one… Chromosomes and Phenotype Inheritance of sex chromosomes: (nothing for notes) • Genes on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes. • Males and females can differ in sex-linked traits Meow. Chromosomes and Phenotype Expression of sex-linked genes in males: • Sex linked genes are genes on the sex chromosomes • Male mammals have an XY genotype. – All of a male’s sexlinked genes are expressed. – All sex-linked genes are expressed because there is no 2nd allele that could mask the 1st allele Chromosomes and Phenotype Expression of sex-linked genes in females: • Sex linked genes are genes on the sex chromosomes • Female mammals have an XX genotype. – Expression of sex-linked genes is similar to autosomal genes in females. – X chromosome inactivation randomly “turns off” one X chromosome. Chromosomes and Phenotype
