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Transcript
Ch. 2 Macromolecules Carbohydrates ! Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ! Include sugars and starches ! Classified according to size ! Monosaccharides—simple sugars ! Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis ! Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars ! Soluble in water—Polar Carbohydrates Figure 2.13a–b Carbohydrates Figure 2.13c Carbohydrates Figure 2.14 Functions of Carbohydrates ! Preferred energy source of the body Lipids ! Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ! Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen ! Insoluble in water-Non-Polar Lipids ! Common lipids in the human body ! Neutral fats (triglycerides) ! Found in fat deposits ! Composed of fatty acids and glycerol ! Source of stored energy Lipids Figure 2.15a Lipids ! Common lipids in the human body (continued) ! Phospholipids ! Form cell membranes ! Steroids ! Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones Lipids Figure 2.15b Lipids ! Cholesterol ! The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.15c Functions of Lipids ! Primary component of the cell membrane ! Secondary energy source; used when an organism doesn’t have carbohydrates in its body Proteins ! Made of amino acids ! Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Figure 2.16 Proteins ! Account for over half of the body’s organic matter ! Provide for construction materials for body tissues ! Play a vital role in cell function ! Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies ! Sometimes soluble in water- polar/nonpolar Amino Acid Structure ! Contain an amine group (NH2) ! Contain an acid group (COOH) ! Vary only by R groups Enzymes ! Act as biological catalysts ! Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.18a Enzymes Figure 2.18b Functions of Proteins ! Main component of muscle ! Control cellular processes and the rate at which they occur ! Make up fingernails and hair ! Form important parts of cells ! Act as messengers ! Control what goes into and out of cells Nucleic Acids ! Provide blueprint of life ! Made of Nucleotide bases ! Components: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus ! Make DNA and RNA Figure 2.19a Nucleic Acids ! Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ! Provides instructions for every protein in the body Figure 2.19c Functions of Nucleic Acids ! Store and transmit genetic information Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Elements that make up the macromolecule Ratio of elements in the macromolecule and how they are arranged Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur 1 C:2 H:1 O; > ratio of C&H to O than 5 or 6 member carbohydrates; ring triglycerides bonded to glycerol Dissolves in H2O Polarity of the macromolecule Lipids Polar _____________ DOES NOT dissolve in H2O Non-Polar _____________ More C&H than Ratio of N&P; elements varies nucleotides have depending on sugar, what amino nitrogenous base acids make the & phosphate protein; amino group acids are bonded end-to-end to form protein Dissolves in H2O Sometimes dissolves in H2O Polar _____________ Polar/NonPolar _____________ Quick Reps I have been stuck in the wilderness for two days. I ate the last granola bar I had after being stuck for only two hours. I am still walking around trying to find a way out of the woods, where am I getting the energy to walk around from? Lipids/lipid stores because lipids are used to store energy and accessed when there are no carbohydrates available. I shave all of my hair off to raise awareness for cancer. What macromolecule makes my hair grow back the color that it does? Why? Finally, what is that hair made of ? Nucleic Acids make my hair grow back the same color it was because nucleic acids store genetic information (like hair color). That hair is made of protein. You are in the fourth quarter of a basketball or football game and you are completely exhausted (and I mean gassed). You slam a bottle of Gatorade and you immediately begin to get your “second wind.” What macromolecule in Gatorade is responsible for this? Carbohydrates because they are the body’s preferred energy source. A high school football player spends all summer in the weight room and enters the season in the fall 60 pounds heavier than he was in the spring? What macromolecule is responsible for this? Proteins because muscles are composed of proteins. I decide to take up karate. My instructor has taught me how to break a wooden board in half with my forehead. What is the main macromolecule am I breaking through when I go all sorts of Jackie Chan on that wood? Carbohydrates. They provide structural support in plants (like the tree I got the wood from).