Download Ch. 2 Macromolecules

Ch. 2
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
!  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
!  Include sugars and starches
!  Classified according to size
! Monosaccharides—simple sugars
!  Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesis
!  Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of
linked simple sugars
!  Soluble in water—Polar
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13c
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
Functions of
Carbohydrates
!  Preferred energy source of the body
Lipids
!  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
!  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber
oxygen
!  Insoluble in water-Non-Polar
Lipids
!  Common lipids in the human body
!  Neutral fats (triglycerides)
!  Found in fat deposits
!  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
!  Source of stored energy
Lipids
Figure 2.15a
Lipids
!  Common lipids in the human body
(continued)
!  Phospholipids
!  Form cell membranes
!  Steroids
!  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin
D, and some hormones
Lipids
Figure 2.15b
Lipids
!  Cholesterol
!  The basis for all steroids made in the
body
Figure 2.15c
Functions of Lipids
!  Primary component of the cell membrane
!  Secondary energy source; used when an
organism doesn’t have carbohydrates in its
body
Proteins
!  Made of amino acids
!  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
Proteins
!  Account for over half of the body’s
organic matter
!  Provide for construction materials for
body tissues
!  Play a vital role in cell function
!  Act as enzymes, hormones, and
antibodies
!  Sometimes soluble in water- polar/nonpolar
Amino Acid Structure
!  Contain an amine group (NH2)
!  Contain an acid group (COOH)
!  Vary only by R groups
Enzymes
!  Act as biological catalysts
!  Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.18a
Enzymes
Figure 2.18b
Functions of Proteins
!  Main component of muscle
!  Control cellular processes and the rate at which
they occur
!  Make up fingernails and hair
!  Form important parts of cells
!  Act as messengers
!  Control what goes into and out of cells
Nucleic Acids
!  Provide blueprint of life
!  Made of Nucleotide bases
!  Components: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus
!  Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a
Nucleic Acids
!  Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
!  Provides
instructions for
every protein in
the body
Figure 2.19c
Functions of Nucleic
Acids
!  Store and transmit genetic information
Carbohydrates
Carbon,
Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
Elements that
make up the
macromolecule
Ratio of
elements in the
macromolecule
and how they
are arranged
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbon,
Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen,
Nitrogen,
Phosphorus
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen,
Nitrogen,
Sulfur
1 C:2 H:1 O; > ratio of C&H
to O than
5 or 6 member carbohydrates;
ring triglycerides
bonded to
glycerol
Dissolves in
H2O
Polarity of the
macromolecule
Lipids
Polar
_____________
DOES NOT
dissolve in H2O
Non-Polar
_____________
More C&H than
Ratio of
N&P;
elements varies
nucleotides have
depending on
sugar,
what amino
nitrogenous base acids make the
& phosphate
protein; amino
group
acids are bonded
end-to-end to
form protein
Dissolves in
H2O
Sometimes
dissolves in H2O
Polar
_____________
Polar/NonPolar
_____________
Quick Reps
I have been stuck in the wilderness for two days. I
ate the last granola bar I had after being stuck for
only two hours. I am still walking around trying to
find a way out of the woods, where am I getting the
energy to walk around from?
Lipids/lipid stores because lipids are
used to store energy and accessed
when there are no carbohydrates
available.
I shave all of my hair off to raise awareness for
cancer. What macromolecule makes my hair grow
back the color that it does? Why? Finally, what is
that hair made of ?
Nucleic Acids make my hair grow
back the same color it was because
nucleic acids store genetic
information (like hair color). That
hair is made of protein.
You are in the fourth quarter of a basketball or
football game and you are completely exhausted
(and I mean gassed). You slam a bottle of Gatorade
and you immediately begin to get your “second
wind.” What macromolecule in Gatorade is
responsible for this?
Carbohydrates because they are the
body’s preferred energy source.
A high school football player spends all summer in
the weight room and enters the season in the fall 60
pounds heavier than he was in the spring? What
macromolecule is responsible for this?
Proteins because muscles are
composed of proteins.
I decide to take up karate. My instructor has taught
me how to break a wooden board in half with my
forehead. What is the main macromolecule am I
breaking through when I go all sorts of Jackie Chan
on that wood?
Carbohydrates. They provide
structural support in plants (like the
tree I got the wood from).