Download Review guide – Trimester 1 Finals General Biology – 2012 Chapter

Review guide – Trimester 1 Finals
General Biology – 2012
Chapter 1:
Section
1.1
Vocabulary
Biosphere, ecosystem, community,
population, organism, organ system,
organs, tissues, cells, organelles,
molecules
1.2
Producers, consumers,
decomposers, inflow, recycling,
nutrients, energy
1.3
Prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell –
Distinguish between them!!!
Order, regulation,
growth/development, energy use,
response, reproduction, evolution
Species, kingdoms, Domains Bacteria (modern prokaryotes),
Archaea (ancient prokaryotes),
Eukarya (eukaryotes)
Natural Selection, theories
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Inductive reasoning, deductive
reasoning, hypothesis, inquiry
Falsifiable, control, controlled
experiment, variables
Review exercises #1-17 on pp. 13 14
Concepts
Identify and describe the levels of organization - Biosphere,
ecosystem – includes abiotic and biotic factors, community –
many population of different species, population – group of
same organisms, organism, organ system, organs – groups of
tissues that serve a common function, tissues – groups of cells
with common function, cells – smallest living unit which may
make up multicellular organisms, organelles – subunits of cells,
molecules – basic building blocks
Distinguish between flow of energy and flow of chemicals in
ecosystems. Explain why they differ. Energy is NOT recycled, it
passes through organisms but a little is “lost” to heat and
disorder with every transformation. Matter is recycled – the
Earth is self-contained in terms of the number and types of
atoms we have.
How are cells the structural and functional unit of life?
Define and relate vocabulary to requirements of living
organisms.
Distinguish among the three domains – how are they organized.
Bacteria (modern prokaryotes), Archaea (ancient prokaryotes),
Eukarya (eukaryotes)
Explain the three key observations that led to Darwin’s theory
of natural selection. How are natural selection and adaptation
related? Think of the peppered moth – natural selection works
on the theory that we inherit traits from previous generations
but there are also random mutations that alter traits. If a trait
helps up survive and reproduce, we will pass that trait on and
more offspring.
Describe how inquiry is used in science
Be able to explain the set up, control, and results of the
experiment on the snakes described on pp. 10 - 11
Chapter 2:
Section
2.1
2.2
2.3
Vocabulary
Matter, element, trace elements
2.4
Atoms, neutrons, electrons, protons,
nucleus, atomic number, atomic mass,
isotopes
Compound, molecule, atom
2.5
2.6
Chemical bonds
2.7
Ion, salt, ionic bond
2.8
Covalent bond, molecule, single, double,
triple bonds
2.9
Polar covalent bond, electronegativity,
nonpolar vs. polar molecules
2.10
Hydrogen bond
2.11
Cohesion, surface tension
2.12
Heat, temperature, evaporative cooling,
moderate
2.13
Density
2.14
Solution, solute, solvent, aqueous
solution
2.15
Base, acid, pH scale, dissociate, hydrogen
ion, hydroxide ion, buffers
2.16
Acid precipitation
2.17
Chemical reactions, products, reactants,
chemical properties
Review exercises #1-23 on pp. 30 - 31
Concepts
Identify most common elements found in living systems.
Identify examples of and role of trace elements
Review basic concepts of chemistry – how atoms form
molecules or compounds
Know how subatomic particles make up atoms, know role
of subatomic particles in behavior of atom, identify
isotopes
Describe examples of how isotopes are used in medicine
and research
How are electrons involved in bonding? What makes an
atom “want” to bond? How does bonding relate to an
atom’s position on the periodic table?
What are characteristics of ionic compounds? Where do
we find ions and ionic compounds in living systems?
How are covalent bonds formed? How many electrons
make up a covalent bond? Why do some atoms form
covalent and others form ionic bonds?
Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds and how do
nonpolar and polar bonds reflect the spectrum from
covalent to ionic bonds? How does the shape of a water
molecule contribute to the overall polarity of the
molecule? Which end is negative?
What are hydrogen bonds and what role do they play in
molecular interactions? When will hydrogen bonds form?
Explain how water is cohesive and how cohesion
contributes to surface tension. What role in nature do
cohesion and surface tension play?
Describe all the ways water can moderate temperature.
What is it about water and its hydrogen bonds that allow it
to moderate temperature?
Why is solid ice less dense than liquid? What does this
mean for living systems?
What properties of water make it a good solvent? What
kinds of molecules is it most able to dissolve? What kinds
of molecules will not dissolve in it? How is its role as a
solvent critical to living systems?
Define acids and bases in several ways – be sure to
understand how one is a hydrogen acceptor and the other
is a hydrogen donor. Why is water neutral? What does the
pH scale really represent? How do buffers work and why
are they important for living systems?
What causes the build-up of acid precipitation?
What effect does acid precipitation have on both a large
and a small scale?
Distinguish between chemical and physical properties.
Demonstrate the conservation of mass in a chemical
reaction.
Chapter 3:
Section
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Vocabulary
Organic compounds, isomers,
hydrocarbons, carbon skeleton
Functional groups, hydrophilic,
hydrophobic, phosphate group, hydroxyl
group
Monomers, polymers, dehydration
synthesis (condensation reaction),
hydrolysis, macromolecules
Carbohydrates, monosaccharides,
polysaccharides, simple sugars, starches
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides, starch, glycogen,
cellulose
3.8
Lipids, hydrophobic, fat, triglyceride,
unsaturated, saturated
3.9
Phospholipids, waxes, steroids
3.10
3.11
Anabolic steroids
Proteins, amino acids
3.12
Amino acids, peptide bonds, R groups,
polypeptides
3.13
Denaturation
3.14
Primary structure, secondary structure,
tertiary structure, quaternary structure
3.15
3.16
Nucleic acid, DNA, RNA, genes,
nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, double
helix, sugar-phosphate backbone,
complementary pairs
Review exercises #1 – 19 on pp. 48 and
49
Concepts
Describe several properties of carbon that make it a good
candidate to form the major molecules of living systems.
How do functional groups add to the properties of carbon
compounds?
Describe and define different types of monomers for each
category of organic compounds. Explain how monomers
are combined to make polymers and vice versa. How is
water involved in both making and breaking polymers?
What is general composition of carbohydrates? What roles
do carbohydrates play in different cells?
What is the most common disaccharide? What two
monosaccharides make it up?
How do different polysaccharades made from the same
monomer change in their properties? Distinguish among
starch, cellulose, and glycogen – what roles do they play in
their cells?
What is the general structure of a triglyceride? What is the
difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Where do you find saturated and unsaturated fats?
Describe the functions, structures, and locations of waxes,
phospholipids, and steroids. What is unique about
phospholipids? What role does cholesterol play in animal
cells? All lipids are nonpolar! Energy and structure,
insulation and padding. Phospholipids make up cell
membrane.
What are side effects of abuse of anabolic steroids?
What roles do proteins play in living cells? Structural and
functional molecules (all enzymes are proteins).
How do the different amino acids combine to make a
nearly infinite number of polypeptides? How do the
properties of each amino acid contribute to the properties
of the final protein?
What is meant by saying that a protein’s shape determines
its function? What happens when a protein is denatured?
What kinds of things can cause a protein to denature?
Describe how each level determines the next level of shape
and how that contributes to the final product. What can
happen if just one amino acid is changed? Why?
What are differences between RNA and DNA? How are the
two DNA chains held together? What rule is always
followed to pair the nitrogenous bases? What is a gene?
Chapter 4:
Section
4.1
Vocabulary
Light microscope, SEM, TEM,
magnification, resolution, cell theory
4.2
4.3
4.4
Prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plasma
membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid region,
cell wall, capsule, pili, flagella
Cytoplasm, organelles, cellular
metabolism
4.5
Nucleus, chromatin, chromosome,
nuclear envelope, pores, nucleolus
4.6
Endomembrane system, vesicles,
endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
4.7
4.8
Rough ER, secretory protein,
glycoprotein, transport vesicle
4.9
Golgi Apparatus,
4.10
Lysosomes, digestive enzymes, recycling
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Vacuoles, central vacuole, contractile
vacuole
Endomembrane
Chloroplasts, stroma, granum,
intermembrane space
Mitochondria, intermembrane space,
christae, mitochondrial matrix
4.16
Cytoskeleton, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, microtubules
4.17
Extracellular matrix, plasmodesmata, gap
junctions, tight junctions, anchoring
junctions
4.18
Concepts
Compare and contrast light microscope to SEM and TEM.
What are advantages and disadvantages of each? What is
difference between magnification and resolution? How do
you determine magnification in a compound microscope?
What is the relationship between field of view and
magnification?
Explain how the ratio of surface area to volume affects the
limits of a cell size. Have a general idea of the relative size
and scale of various cells and organisms.
Describe basic structure of prokaryotic cells. What
elements does it have that meet the requirements of life?
What are examples of prokaryotes?
What is the advantage of organelles? Compare and
contrast plant to animal cells. Be able to label plant and
animal cells.
Have a general understanding of the contents of the
nucleus and how its membranes allow it selective
communication with the rest of the cell.
Explain how the cell is filled with interrelated membranes
and how they function to support the cell.
What roles do the smooth ER play? Why would liver cells
have a heavy concentration of smooth ER? What role does
the SER have in muscle contraction?
Explain how proteins may be made at the rough ER, feed
into the ER, get packaged and sent out for further
processing.
What role does the Golgi play in the cell? How is it related
to the rough ER and the export of materials from the cell?
Describe the different functions of lysosomes. How are
they formed as part of the endomembrane system?
Explain how faulty lysosomes can lead to organ or
organism failure.
Compare and contrast the different roles the vacuoles play
depending on their location.
Review the entire process of making, refining, and
exporting a protein through the endomembrane system.
Briefly relate the structure of a chloroplast to its function.
What is its primary function?
Briefly relate the structure of the mitochondria to its
function. What is the reason for the extensive infolded
interior membrane?
Distinguish among the components of the cytoskeleton.
How do they each contribute to the many roles the
cytoskeleton plays in the cell?
Compare and contrast the types of junctions. What
different roles do each have? What do you find in animal
vs. plant cells?
Explain the four general categories defined in the chart and
how they together comprise the necessary functions for
life. Be able to explain the organelles you find under each
category and their contribution to that category.
Review exercises #1-22 on pp. 68-69
Chapter 5:
Section
5.1
5.2
5.3
Vocabulary
Energy, potential energy, kinetic energy,
chemical energy
Thermodynamics – first and second laws,
systems
Endergonic, exergonic, metabolism,
energy coupling, cellular respiration
5.4
ATP, phosphorylation
5.10
Selective permeability
5.11
Phospholipid, bilayer
5.12
Fluid mosaic
5.13
5.14
Receptors, signal transduction
Diffusion, passive, concentration gradient
5.15
5.16
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
5.17
Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic,
osmoregulation, plasmolysis
Active transport – create an area of high
concentration by using energy to “push”
molecules from areas of low to high
concentration. Like a hydroelectric dam
– the release of water can be used to
generate electricity
Exocytosis, endocytosis
5.18
5.19
Concepts
Relate the forms of energy to different examples.
Explain how both laws of thermodynamics relate to energy
use in living systems.
How are chemical reactions categorized as exergonic or
endergonic? How can the two types of reactions be
coupled? How is food related to energy coupling?
What is ATP used for in the cell? How are phosphorylation
and hydrolysis used to make and break down ATP? What is
happening to energy in the previous processes?
How are membranes selectively permeable but still provide
a way to organize the cell contents?
Describe the orientation of the phospholipids that make up
a cell membrane
What are membranes described as fluid mosaics? What is
the “fluid” and what makes the “mosaic?”
Describe all of the functions of membrane proteins
Explain with a diagram or words how and why molecules
will diffuse across a membrane or through a medium.
How do proteins work to facilitate diffusion?
When does osmosis occur and how is it different or similar
to diffusion?
Compare and contrast the response of animal and plant
cells to immersion in solutions of different relative tonicity.
When would a cell want to use active transport? Cells
create an area of high concentration for the potential
energy it stores like a dam. When you release that
potential energy it can be linked to other processes that
need energy.
Explain how vesicles can fuse with the membrane to export
substances or how substances can be engulfed by a section
of membrane to take in a substance.
Review Exercises #1-12 p. 87
Chapters 6 and 7 overview
Section
6.1
6.2
6.3
Vocabulary
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration
Concepts
How do cellular respiration and photosynthesis
complement each other?
What is the ultimate destination of oxygen we breathe in
and what is the source of the carbon dioxide we exhale?
Explain the equation for cellular respiration.
6.6
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP
synthases
6.12
6.13
6.15
7.1
7.5
7.11
Fermentation, alcohol fermentation,
lactic acid fermentation
Biosynthesis
Producers, autotrophs, photo-autotrophs
Light reactions, Calvin cycle, carbon
fixation
Trace the general process of cellular respiration starting
with glycolysis and ending with oxidative phosphorylation.
Step by step breakdown of a sugar (for example) to CO2
and H2O to release energy to do work.
Compare the amount of ATP released in glycolysis to that
released in the final stage.
How is fermentation an alternative to respiration? Why is it
not enough to support large organisms?
How is ATP also used to build molecules? Where do raw
materials for new molecules come from?
Why are producers critical for every ecosystem?
Trace the general process of photosynthesis. Energy of
sunlight is used to charge pigments – the charge from the
pigments is used to power the trapping of CO2 and H2O
into the chemical bonds of a sugar.
Compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration.