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Chemistry Review & Organic Chemistry Isotopes Isotopes • Archaeological Dating – Carbon-14 can be used to determine how long ago the organism died • Smoke Detectors – Americium-241 – can detect smoke from fire early Isotopes • Food Irradiation – Cobalt-60 is used to irradiate bacteria on food • Medicinal Uses – To detect location of diseased tissue for specific treatment – Thallium-201 used for stress test to detect blood-starved heart tissue Intra Molecular Bonds A. Ionic Bonds: B. Covalent • Non-polar Covalent Polar Covalent Bonds Why does this happen? Ionic versus Covalent Bonding Ionic • Metal cation + non-metal anion Covalent • 2 neutral non-metal atoms Intermolecular Bonds A. Dipole-dipole bonds B. Hydrogen bonds C. London Forces - Weakest intermolecular force Why is ice less dense than water? Water Molecule Structure -Properties of water exist because of its molecular structure High Surface Tension Liquid at Room Temperature High light transmission • Colourless substance Strong Cohesive Properties & High Tensile Strength The Versatile Solvent • “like” molecules dissolve in “like” molecules • Polar molecules = • Non-polar molecules = High Specific Heat Capacity Biological Structures DNA Carbohydrates ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ALKANES ALKENES QUESTIONS • • Alkanes are considered to be saturated, while alkenes and alkynes are considered to be unsaturated. Looking at the diagrams what is the difference between a saturated molecule and an unsaturated molecule? Have you heard of saturated and unsaturated molecules before? Where can you find them in your diet? CYCLIC AROMATICS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Electronegative atoms like O, N, F that are on a hydrocarbon • How would such a group change the properties of the molecule? 1-pentanol