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Mr. Benagh ESSM – Summer FISH 2014-2015 ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s Monday, Aug. 11th 2014 Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15” - Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014 Enzymes - Power Lecture 10-15” - Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014 Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15” - Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014 Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15” - Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework The synthesis and breakdown of polymers CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate Types 1. SIMPLE SUGARS Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule • Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose honey Galactose – milk • Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA Linear and ring forms of glucose Carbohydrate Types 2. SIMPLE SUGARS Disaccharides - two sugar molecule Sucrose (sugar) Glucose + Fructose Lactose (milk) Glucose + Galactose Maltose (grains) Glucose + Glucose How are disaccharides made? Dehydration synthesis: Examples of disaccharide synthesis Carbohydrate Types COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES: Long chains of monosaccharides EXAMPLES Starch (amylose) Glycogen Fiber (cellulose) Chitin Starch • Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds) • < 500,000 glucoses Glycogen Short term storage polysaccharide for animals • • • • ~300g stored carbo in body 72g liver (glycogen) 245g muscle (glycogen) 10g blood (glucose) Chitin String of modified glucose Structural component of: Insects, Arthropods, fungi Cellulose •Polymer of glucose •Structural material in plants - Fiber •Why indigestible? •Monomers linked together differently than in starch •Starch •Cellulose Starch verses Cellulose • Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes • Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose LIPIDS Three Major Groups of Lipids • Oils, Fats, and Waxes • Phospholipids • Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…) Similarities of Fats and Oils • All contain C, H, and O • Usually no ring structures • Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end) Triglycerides • Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation) Types of Fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Phospholipids Steroids • Four fused rings of carbon • steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone • cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes Cholesterol •Body will make if not enough in diet •Part of lipid membrane around cells •Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane The structure of a phospholipid Protein Types of Proteins See Table 5.1 Structural Storage Enzymes Transport Hormones Antibodies Receptor Contractile Proteins Subunit = amino acid Amino acids have three parts: 1. Amino group 2. R group 3. Carboxyl group Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged Linking Amino Acids Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond Creates a polypeptide Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain How are proteins able to do so many things? 20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups Non-polar Polar Charged -O Proteins Fold into Active Shape Protein function depends on shape Four Levels of Structure: Primary Secondary 2° Tertiary Quaternary 4° 1° 3° Primary (1°) Structure Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein Secondary (2°) Structure Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds b- pleated sheet a-helix Tertiary (3°) Structure 3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein Quaternary (4°) Structure Interactions between 2+ polypeptides Shape is critical for protein interactions EXAMPLE: Hemoglobin •4 Polypeptides •Binds Iron •Oxygen transport Nucleic Acid NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA • Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides. NUCLEOTIDES 3 Main Components: • 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen-containing base Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities. RNA and DNA SIMILARITIES: • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group DIFFERENCES: • Nucleotides – DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine – RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil • Sugar – DNA: Deoxyribose – RNA: Ribose Nucleic Acid Synthesis • Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis • Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR Structure of DNA Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell Enzymes The structure and hydrolysis of ATP The ATP cycle Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions Enzymes and Shape Active Site Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme Activation Energy Activation Energy Net Energy Released Enzymes •Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) •Lower activation energy for a reaction Enzyme reactions can be simplified as: E+S ES E +P • S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction. • P = Product (what you get at the end) result • E = Enzymes mediate specific steps sucrase sucrose + H2O glucose + fructose The catalytic cycle of an enzyme 4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity 1. Substrate concentration 2. Enzyme concentration 3. pH 4. Temperature Shape of enzyme (Protein denatured) Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity Enzyme Regulation • Enzymes can be turned on and off • Regulated by other molecules in the cell • Examples: – Allosteric regulation – Feedback inhibition – Inhibitors Photosynthesis Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast • Parts of a Chloroplast – Thylakoid – Grana • Stack of Thylakoids – Stroma • Liquid inside Chloroplast The electromagnetic spectrum Why are leaves green? Determining an absorption spectrum