Download Enzymes - preabenagh

Mr. Benagh
ESSM – Summer FISH
2014-2015
ESSM – Summer FISH
Biology Agenda’s
Monday, Aug. 11th 2014
Macromoluecles
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
- Digestive System (polymers to monomers)
- Homework 
Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014
Enzymes
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Toothpickase Enzyme Lab
- Homework 
Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014
Nucleic Acid
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Strawberries DNA Extractions
- Homework 
Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014
Photosynthesis
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab
- Homework 
The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate Types
1. SIMPLE SUGARS
Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule
• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose
–cell energy Fructose honey Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose
- RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
Linear and ring forms of glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARS
Disaccharides - two sugar molecule
Sucrose (sugar)
Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)
Glucose + Glucose
How are disaccharides made?
Dehydration synthesis:
Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES:
Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLES
Starch (amylose)
Glycogen
Fiber (cellulose)
Chitin
Starch
• Long-term energy storage of
glucose for plants (roots, seeds)
• < 500,000 glucoses
Glycogen
Short term storage
polysaccharide for animals
•
•
•
•
~300g stored carbo in body
72g liver (glycogen)
245g muscle (glycogen)
10g blood (glucose)
Chitin
String of modified glucose
Structural component of:
Insects, Arthropods, fungi
Cellulose
•Polymer of glucose
•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Why indigestible?
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch
•Starch
•Cellulose
Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently
• Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes
• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and
termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose
LIPIDS
Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen,
Testosterone, etc…)
Similarities of Fats and Oils
• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain
of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl
end)
Triglycerides
• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to
a glycerol (condensation)
Types of Fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Phospholipids
Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen,
testosterone
• cholesterol: vital component of
cell membranes
Cholesterol
•Body will make if not enough in diet
•Part of lipid membrane around cells
•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
The structure of a phospholipid
Protein
Types of Proteins
See Table 5.1
Structural
Storage
Enzymes
Transport
Hormones
Antibodies
Receptor
Contractile
Proteins
Subunit = amino acid
Amino acids have three parts:
1. Amino group
2. R group
3. Carboxyl group
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged
Linking Amino Acids
Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond –
A Peptide Bond
Creates a polypeptide
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
How are proteins able to do so many things?
20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups
Non-polar
Polar
Charged
-O
Proteins Fold into Active Shape
Protein function depends on shape
Four Levels of Structure:
Primary
Secondary 2°
Tertiary
Quaternary 4°
1°
3°
Primary (1°) Structure
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide
Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Secondary (2°) Structure
Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds
b- pleated sheet
a-helix
Tertiary (3°) Structure
3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds
Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein
Quaternary (4°) Structure
Interactions between 2+ polypeptides
Shape is critical for protein
interactions
EXAMPLE:
Hemoglobin
•4 Polypeptides
•Binds Iron
•Oxygen transport
Nucleic Acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA
• Polymers made up of repeating
monomers called nucleotides.
NUCLEOTIDES
3 Main Components:
• 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose):
RNA ribose,
DNA deoxyribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen-containing base
Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage
Molecules
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s
battery, providing energy for most activities.
RNA and DNA
SIMILARITIES:
• 5-carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
DIFFERENCES:
• Nucleotides
– DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
– RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
• Sugar
– DNA: Deoxyribose
– RNA: Ribose
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Nucleotides joined by
dehydration synthesis
• Covalent bond forms between
PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR
Structure of DNA
Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
Figure 5.28 DNA RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
Enzymes
The structure and hydrolysis of ATP
The ATP cycle
Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions
Enzymes and Shape
Active Site
Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme
Activation Energy
Activation
Energy
Net Energy
Released
Enzymes
•Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
(catalysts)
•Lower activation energy for a reaction
Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:
E+S
ES
E +P
• S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction.
• P = Product (what you get at the end) result
• E = Enzymes mediate specific steps
sucrase
sucrose + H2O
glucose + fructose
The catalytic cycle of an enzyme
4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity
1. Substrate concentration
2. Enzyme concentration
3. pH
4. Temperature
Shape of enzyme
(Protein denatured)
Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Enzyme Regulation
• Enzymes can be turned on and off
• Regulated by other molecules in the cell
• Examples:
– Allosteric regulation
– Feedback inhibition
– Inhibitors
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast
• Parts of a Chloroplast
– Thylakoid
– Grana
• Stack of Thylakoids
– Stroma
• Liquid inside Chloroplast
The electromagnetic spectrum
Why are leaves green?
Determining an absorption spectrum