Download Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts State Greenhouse Gas

TASMANIAN
GREENHOUSE GAS
ACCOUNTS
State Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
2
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts: State Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2011-12
© Government of Tasmania
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Excerpts from this publication may be reproduced with appropriate
acknowledgement, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published June 2014
ISBN 978 0 7246 5690 1
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5
Greenhouse Gases referenced in this Report ......................................................... 5
Methods and Sector Coverage ................................................................................... 5
Measuring Tasmania’s Emissions ............................................................................... 6
Baseline and Annual Emissions Profile................................................................................7
Tasmania’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile .......................................................7
Emissions by Sector ................................................................................................................ 11
Energy ................................................................................................................................ 11
Industrial Processes ....................................................................................................... 17
Agriculture ........................................................................................................................ 18
Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) .......................................... 19
Waste ................................................................................................................................ 20
Key Performance Indicators ................................................................................................. 21
Sectoral Emissions over Time ..................................................................................... 21
Emissions Per Capita .................................................................................................... 22
Emissions Per Gross State Product (GSP) .............................................................. 23
Progress Against Target .............................................................................................. 24
References ................................................................................................................................ 25
TABLES
Table 1 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, 1989-90 and 2011-12 ................... 8
Table 2 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, 2010-11 and 2011-12 .................. 10
FIGURES
Figure 1 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions, excluding LULUCF......................................... 8
Figure 2 – Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, excluding LULUCF .................... 9
Figure 3 - Tasmanian energy sector CO2-e emissions ................................................ 11
Figure 4 - Tasmanian energy industries CO2-e emissions.......................................... 12
Figure 5 - Tasmanian manufacturing industries and construction CO2-e
emissions .................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 - Tasmanian transport CO2-e emissions ......................................................... 14
Figure 7 - Tasmanian fugitive CO2-e emissions from fuels ........................................ 15
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
4
Figure 8 - Tasmanian other sectors and ‘other’ CO2-e emissions ........................... 16
Figure 9 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions from industrial processes .......................... 17
Figure 10 - Tasmanian agriculture CO2-e emissions .................................................... 18
Figure 11 - Tasmanian LULUCF CO2-e emissions ........................................................... 19
Figure 12 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions from waste................................................... 20
Figure 13 - Change in Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector .................................. 21
Figure 14 - Tasmania’s per capita CO2-e emissions .................................................... 22
Figure 15 - Figure 15 – Tasmania’s CO2-e emissions per $ million GSP ................ 23
Figure 16 - Tasmania’s progress against its legislated emissions reduction target
...................................................................................................................................................... 24
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
5
INTRODUCTION
This report presents Tasmania’s greenhouse gas emissions
by sector for 2011-12 and tracks progress towards the
legislated emissions reduction target.
Tasmania’s Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008 sets a target of 60 per cent
below 1990 levels by 2050. The Act provides an overarching framework to
guide effective responses to the challenges of climate change through reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of a changing climate.
The Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Regulations 2012, established
under the Act, require the Minister to publish Tasmania’s baseline greenhouse
gas emissions as well as information about emissions reductions. This must be
done no later than 60 days after the Australian Government publishes the
annual State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.
This report has been compiled using data from the Australian Government’s
State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2011-12, which is available at:
www.environment.gov.au
GREENHOUSE GASES REFERENCED IN THIS REPORT
This report covers the same sources and removals of greenhouse gases
resulting from human activities as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. Those greenhouse gases included
are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perflurocarbons,
hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.
Each greenhouse gas varies in terms of its contribution to climate change.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, conversion factors have been agreed that enable the
global warming potential of each gas to be converted into a single, consistent
value of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). For consistency, emissions
throughout this report are also described as CO2-e.
METHODS AND SECTOR COVERAGE
To ensure consistency and comparability between the inventories of different
countries, all signatories to the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol must estimate
their emissions using methods described by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), or country-specific methodologies where these are
consistent with the IPCC guidelines.
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
6
Under the Kyoto Protocol, emissions and removals (or sinks) are reported for
the following sectors: energy (including stationary energy, transport and
fugitive emissions), industrial processes, agriculture, waste and land use, land
use change and forestry (LULUCF).
MEASURING TASMANIA’S EMISSIONS
The Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Regulations 2012 set out the
method for measuring Tasmania’s 1989-90 baseline greenhouse gas emissions
and for measuring changes to the State’s emissions over time. The method
outlined in the regulations is consistent with national and international
emissions reporting protocols and requirements.
The 1989-90 baseline figure is the total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e)
emissions for Tasmania for the financial year ending on 30 June 1990, as set out
in the most recently published State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories
report. Emissions for the following sectors are to be included:

energy;

industrial processes;

agriculture;

waste;

land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF); and

any other sector set out in the State and Territory Greenhouse Gas
Inventories report.
A reduction in the amount of Tasmania’s emissions for a year, commencing on
or after 1 January 1991, is calculated by subtracting the sum of CO2-e emission
figures for Tasmania in a given financial year from the baseline figure. Emissions
reductions over time are also measured using the most recently published State
and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.
Emissions are expressed as gigagrams (Gg) in this report, in line with reporting
guidelines of the United Nations Framework Conventjon on Climate Change.
1 gigagram (Gg) = 1 000 tonnes = 1 kilotonne (kt)
1 megatonne (Mt) = 1 000 000 tonnes = 1 000 Gg
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
7
BASELINE AND
ANNUAL EMISSIONS
PROFILE
This section provides a summary of Tasmania’s baseline
and 2011-12 emissions.
TASMANIA’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PROFILE
Tasmania’s 1989-90 baseline greenhouse gas emissions were approximately
11 264 Gg (or 11.3 Mt). In 2011-12, Tasmania generated approximately 7 013 Gg
(or 7.0 Mt) of CO2-e emissions. This represents an overall decline in emissions
of almost 38 per cent from baseline levels.
The decline in Tasmania’s emissions over this period is largely attributable to
reforestation of land cleared before 1990 as well as changes to the international
accounting methods used to estimate emissions1.
Table 1 provides emissions by major source and sinks categories for the
baseline year and 2011-12 (the latest reported year).
Greenhouse gas source and sink
categories
Energy
Industrial Processes
Agriculture
Land Use, Land-Use Change
and Forestry
Waste
Total CO2-e emissions
1
1989-90
(Base year)
(Gg)
2011-12
(Gg)
Percentage
change (%)
3 632
1 473
2 251
3 506
3 941
1 445
2 136
-811
8.5
-1.9
-5.1
-123.1
401
11 264
301
7 013
-24.9
-37.7
Of particular significance is the change to methods for determining LULUCF emissions from
2008 onwards.
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
8
Table 1 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, 1989-90 and 2011-12
When land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) emissions and sinks are
excluded, there was a small increase of 0.9 per cent in Tasmania’s emissions
from the baseline to 2011-12. Following a significant decline in emissions
between 1990-91 and 1991-92, Tasmania experienced a general upward trend in
emissions over the twenty year period between 1991-92 and 2011-12 (see Figure
1).
Figure 1 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions, excluding LULUCF
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
9
Figure 2 shows the contribution of different sectors to Tasmania’s emissions for
2011-12. In this analysis, LULUCF emissions are excluded and the energy sector
is divided into transport energy and stationary energy (all non-transport energy
sources). The agriculture sector, transport energy and stationary energy were
the three main contributors to the State’s emissions, generating 27 per cent,
26 per cent and 25 per cent respectively.
Figure 2 – Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, excluding LULUCF
Tasmania’s total annual emissions declined by about 7.9 per cent in 2011-12
compared with the previous year. Table 2 provides emissions by major sectors
for 2010-11 and 2011-12.
Greenhouse gas source and sink
categories
2010-11
(Gg)
2011-12
(Gg)
Percentage
change (%)
Energy
Industrial Processes
Agriculture
Land Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry
Waste
Total CO2-e emissions
4 005
1 503
2 013
3 941
1 445
2 136
-1.6
-3.9
6.1
-221
312
-811
301
267.02
-3.5
7 612
7 013
-7.9
2
The positive percentage change indicates an increase in LULCF as a greenhouse sink.
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
10
Table 2 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, 2010-11 and 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
11
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
This section provides a more detailed review of emissions
and trends for each major sector and associated subsectors.
ENERGY
The energy sector contributed about 56 per cent (3 941 Gg) of Tasmania’s total
greenhouse gas emissions in 2011-12. As shown in Figure 3, emissions from the
sector peaked in 2007-08 and have declined each year from 2009-10.
Figure 3 - Tasmanian energy sector CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 2011-12
The energy sector comprises the following sub-sectors: energy industries,
manufacturing industries and construction, transport, other sectors, other and
fugitive emissions from fuels.
In 2011-12, transport was the major contributor to Tasmania’s energy sector
emissions (1 993 Gg), followed by manufacturing industries and construction
(835 Gg) and energy industries (667 Gg).
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
12
ENERGY INDUSTRIES
The energy industries sub-sector includes emissions from the generation of
electricity by combustion of fossil fuels. It also includes combustion emissions
from petroleum refining, oil and gas extraction and processing, coal mining and
solid fuel manufacturing sectors.
Between 1989-90 and 2011-12, emissions from the energy industries sub-sector
increased by 17.9 per cent. As shown in Figure 4, the sub-sector generated only
a small quantity of emissions during the 1990s and then trended upwards from
the early 2000s. This increase was driven by the introduction of natural gas into
Tasmania in 2002. Since 2009, combustion of natural gas at the Tamar Valley
Power Station has been responsible for the majority of energy industry
emissions in Tasmania, with annual variations since that time largely reflecting
the use of the power station.
Figure 4 - Tasmanian energy industries CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
13
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND CONSTRUCTION
The manufacturing industries and construction sub-sector includes emissions
from on-site combustion of fossil fuels by the manufacturing, non-energy
mining and construction sectors.
Between 1989-90 and 2011-12, emissions from the manufacturing industries and
construction sub-sector decreased by 15 per cent. During this period there were
notable declines in emissions during 2002-03 and 2010-11 (see Figure 5). The
decline in emissions over this period is linked with contraction of the
manufacturing sector in Tasmania. In particular, sub-sectors of food and
beverage; wood and paper products; and textile, clothing and footwear.
Figure 5 - Tasmanian manufacturing industries and construction CO2-e
emissions,
1989-90 to 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
14
TRANSPORT
The transport sub-sector includes emissions from the direct combustion of fuels
in transportation by road, rail, domestic aviation and domestic shipping.
In 2011-12, transport was a significant source of Tasmania’s greenhouse gas
emissions contributing about 28 per cent of the State’s total emissions.
As shown in Figure 6, between 1989-90 and 2011-12 Tasmania’s transport
emissions grew by 27.7 per cent. There has been a steady upward trend in
these emissions, which is consistent with an increase in vehicle numbers over
this time.
Figure 6 - Tasmanian transport CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
15
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM FUELS
Fugitive emissions from fuels are associated with the extraction and distribution
of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.
This sub-sector is a minor contributor to Tasmania’s total greenhouse gas
emissions. Emissions from this sub-sector have grown from a very low base of
1 Gg in 1989-90 to 19 Gg in 2011-12. There has been a noticeable reduction in
emissions between 2010-11 and 2011-12 (see Figure 7), which is due to a
reduction in the State’s production of coal.
Figure 7 - Tasmanian fugitive CO2-e emissions from fuels, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
16
OTHER SECTORS AND OTHER
Other sectors include emissions from energy used by the commercial,
institutional and residential sectors, as well as fuel used by agricultural, fishery
and forestry equipment. ‘Other’ emissions include all remaining fuel
combustion emissions such as those from engine lubricants and greases.
In 2011-12, other sectors contributed about 6 per cent (422 Gg) of Tasmania’s
total emissions. Over the period 1989-90 to 2011-12, emissions from other
sectors declined by almost 18 per cent (see Figure 8). Emissions from the ‘other’
sub-sector have consistently been only a minor contributor to the State’s
overall emissions.
Figure 8 - Tasmanian other sectors and ‘other’ CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 201112
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
17
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The industrial processes sector in Tasmania includes emissions produced from
the mineral and metal processing industries, such as cement, aluminum,
manganese, lime and zinc production. Also included is the consumption of
synthetic greenhouse gases used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and
electricity distribution.
In 2011-12, emissions from industrial processes contributed about 21 per cent
(1 445 Gg) of Tasmania’s total emissions. Over the period 1989-90 to 2011-12,
emissions from the sector declined by 1.9 per cent (see Figure 9). The relative
stability of the emissions masks the significant achievements of a number of
Tasmania’s largest industries. For example, Bell Bay Aluminum has, since 1990,
reduced the direct emissions per tonne of aluminum by 75 per cent, while
increasing its production over this time by 53 per cent.
A growing component of this category is the consumption of synthetic
greenhouse gases, which has grown from 0.4 per cent in 1989-90 to 13 per cent
in 2011-12. These are estimated on a per capita basis in each state and territory.
Figure 9 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions from industrial processes, 1989-90 to
2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
18
AGRICULTURE
Emissions from the agriculture sector include methane and nitrous oxide from
enteric fermentation in livestock, manure management, crops, agricultural and
forest soils, agricultural burning as well as prescribed burning of savannas.
In 2011-12, agricultural emissions contributed about 30 per cent (2 136 Gg) of
Tasmania’s total emissions. This predominantly comprise emissions from enteric
fermentation (1 568 Gg in 2011-12), followed by agricultural soils (502 Gg in
2011-12) and manure management (61 Gg in 2011-12).
Between 1989-90 and 2011-12, emissions from the agriculture sector declined by
5.1 per cent, although there has been significant variation during that time
period as shown in Figure 10. This has largely been due to fluctuating livestock
numbers, particularly sheep. While beef cattle and dairy cow numbers have
remained fairly stable over the past 15 years, the number of sheep in Tasmania
reduced sharply in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before stabilising in the mid2000s. Sheep numbers have been increasing again since 2009-103, which is
likely to have contributed to the recent growth in emissions.
Figure 10 - Tasmanian agriculture CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 2011-12
3
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmanian Livestock Sector
Score Card and Production Trends 2011-12, http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/2011%2012%20Livestock%20Sector%20Scorecard%20and%20Production%20Trends.pdf
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
19
LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF)
The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector incorporates
afforestation and reforestation, as well as land use change (deforestation).
Afforestation and reforestation refers to emissions and sinks associated with
forests established on previously cleared land since 1990. Deforestation refers
to emissions and sinks from direct human-induced removal of forest and
replacement with pasture, crops or other uses on land that was forested on
1 January 1990.
Figure 11 - Tasmanian LULUCF CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Figure 11 includes LULUCF data from 1989-90, as well as the first commitment
period for Australia under the Kyoto Protocol. Data for other years is not
available due to a difference in the method for calculating the initial assigned
amount (for 1989-90) and the commitment period.
The LULUCF sector in Tasmania has changed from being a significant source of
emissions in 1989-90 (3 506 Gg or about 31 per cent of total emissions) to an
emissions sink for the last two reported years.
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
20
WASTE
The waste sector includes emissions associated with landfills, wastewater
treatment, waste incineration and the biological treatment of solid waste.
The waste sector is only a minor contributor to Tasmania’s total emissions,
contributing about 4 per cent (301 Gg) in 2011-12 to the State’s total.
Figure 12 - Tasmanian CO2-e emissions from waste, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Figure 12 shows that emissions generated from the waste sector were relatively
stable between 1989-90 and 2003-04. The drop in emissions by 100 Gg from
2003-04 to 2011-12, is largely due to the installation of flaring or landfill-gas to
energy generators at Hobart, Glenorchy and Launceston landfills. The general
downward trend during this period is supported by the efforts to minimize
waste generation, increase recycling and divert organic materials from landfill.
Emissions in 2011-12 were almost 25 per cent lower than in 1989-90.
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
21
KEY PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
This section provides an overview of Tasmania’s progress
against key performance indicators, including sectoral
emissions over time, emissions per capita and emissions
per dollar of Gross State Product. The State’s performance
against its legislated emissions reduction target of
60 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050 is also considered.
SECTORAL EMISSIONS OVER TIME
Figure 13 shows how Tasmania’s emissions from the major sectors have
changed from1989-90 to 2011-12. The largest emissions reductions have been in
the LULUCF sector (123.1 per cent), followed by waste (24.9 per cent),
agriculture (5.1 per cent) and industrial processes (1.9 per cent). The energy
sector was the only sector to increase its emissions, with an 8.5 per cent
increase in 2011-12 compared with 1989-90.
Figure 13 - Change in Tasmanian CO2-e emissions by sector, 1989-90 to 2011-12
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
22
EMISSIONS PER CAPITA
Per capita emissions are an estimate of the average greenhouse gas emissions
per person in Tasmania. As shown in Figure 14, emissions per person have
declined from 24.4 tonnes CO2-e in 1989-90 to 13.7 tonnes CO2-e in 2011-124.
Figure 14 - Tasmania’s per capita CO2-e emissions, 1989-90 and 2011-12
Derived from: Australian Government (2014) Australian National Greenhouse Accounts State
and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2011-12 and ABS (2012) 3101.0 Australian Demographic
Statistics.
4
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
23
EMISSIONS PER GROSS STATE PRODUCT (GSP)
Emissions per unit of Gross State Product (GSP) are calculated by dividing
Tasmania’s net emissions by the value of its GSP (chain volume measure).
Between 1989-90 and 2011-12, Tasmania’s emissions per $ million of GSP
declined from 727.6 tonnes to 288.1 tonnes5 (Figure 15).
Figure 15 - Figure 15 – Tasmania’s CO2-e emissions per $ million GSP,
1989-90 and 2011-12
Derived from: Australian Government (2014) Australian National Greenhouse Accounts State
and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2011-12 and ABS (2012) 5220.0 Australian National
Accounts: State Accounts.
5
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
24
PROGRESS AGAINST TARGET
Tasmania’s Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008 contains an emissions
reduction target of 60 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050. The Tasmanian
Wedges Report6, released in 2009, projected that under a business-as-usual
scenario Tasmania’s emissions are expected to increase to around 13 Mt (13 000
Gg) in 2050. As shown in Figure 16, for the State to achieve the legislated target
it will need to reduce its emissions to around 4.5 Mt (4 500 Gg) by 2050. In
2011-12, the State’s emissions were about 7.0 Mt (7 000 Gg), a reduction from
11.3 Mt (11 300 Gg) in 1989-90.
Figure 16 - Tasmania’s progress against its legislated emissions reduction target
The Tasmanian Wedges Report is available at:
http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/climatechange/what_the_government_has_done/wedges_
report
6
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
25
REFERENCES
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) 5220.0 Australian National Accounts: State
Accounts
Australian Government (2014) State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories
2011-12. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/node/35783
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmanian
Livestock Sector Score Card and Production Trends 2011-12. Available at:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/2011%2012%20Livestock%20Sector%20Scorecard%20and%20Production%20Trends.pdf
McLennan Magasanik Associates (2009) Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emission
Reduction Project – Understanding the Potential for Reducing Tasmania’s
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Tasmanian Wedges Report). Available at:
http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/climatechange/what_the_government_has
_done/wedges_report
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts 2011-12
Tasmanian Climate Change Office
Department of Premier and Cabinet
Email: [email protected] Visit: www.climatechange.tas.gov.au