reducing australia`s greenhouse gas emissions— targets and
... from the 2020 target to a level between 40 and 60 per cent below 2000 levels in 2030. This range should be reviewed periodically as new information emerges. The middle of the trajectory range is consistent (on a straight-line basis) with the recommended national emissions budget to 2050. Over time, ...
... from the 2020 target to a level between 40 and 60 per cent below 2000 levels in 2030. This range should be reviewed periodically as new information emerges. The middle of the trajectory range is consistent (on a straight-line basis) with the recommended national emissions budget to 2050. Over time, ...
Technical Reference Guide for World Climate Negotiations Model
... on global temperature and sea level rise. Research shows that many people, including highly educated adults with substantial training in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, misunderstand the fundamental dynamics of the accumulation of carbon and heat in the atmosphere (Brehmer, 1989; S ...
... on global temperature and sea level rise. Research shows that many people, including highly educated adults with substantial training in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, misunderstand the fundamental dynamics of the accumulation of carbon and heat in the atmosphere (Brehmer, 1989; S ...
Intended nationally determined contributions: what are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions in 2030? (opens in new window)
... hexafluoride), and express the size of emissions in terms of gigatonnes (Gt), or billions of metric tonnes, of carbon-dioxide-equivalent (CO2e), based on 100-year global warming potentials, as published in the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1995). All sour ...
... hexafluoride), and express the size of emissions in terms of gigatonnes (Gt), or billions of metric tonnes, of carbon-dioxide-equivalent (CO2e), based on 100-year global warming potentials, as published in the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1995). All sour ...
full report - Royal Society of New Zealand
... by forests.) • The main sources of CO2 emissions are from heat and electricity supply, transport fuels, cement manufacture and forest harvesting. • New Zealand also produces an unusually large portion of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to the significant role of agriculture in ...
... by forests.) • The main sources of CO2 emissions are from heat and electricity supply, transport fuels, cement manufacture and forest harvesting. • New Zealand also produces an unusually large portion of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to the significant role of agriculture in ...
INTERPRETING INDCs - World Resources Institute
... straightforward and appear to be easier for Parties to meet. This is true of all Parties assessed here, regardless of their economic development status. Details on land-sector accounting and use of market mechanisms, in particular, are generally lacking. While six of the eight Parties specified whet ...
... straightforward and appear to be easier for Parties to meet. This is true of all Parties assessed here, regardless of their economic development status. Details on land-sector accounting and use of market mechanisms, in particular, are generally lacking. While six of the eight Parties specified whet ...
Canada`s Emissions Trends 2013
... The Government of Canada is committed to reducing SLCP emissions and is an active member of the Arctic Council and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce ShortLived Climate Pollutants, two multilateral fora that are addressing short-lived climate pollutants. Canada provided almost C$3 million ...
... The Government of Canada is committed to reducing SLCP emissions and is an active member of the Arctic Council and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce ShortLived Climate Pollutants, two multilateral fora that are addressing short-lived climate pollutants. Canada provided almost C$3 million ...
Process-based simulation of seasonality and
... Mild drought stress does not affect the light dependent emission of isoprene and monoterpenes or reduces it only moderately (e.g. Bertin and Staudt, 1996; Brilli et al., 2007; Staudt et al., 2008). Strong, long-lasting drought, however, decreases isoprenoid emissions considerably (Hansen et al., 199 ...
... Mild drought stress does not affect the light dependent emission of isoprene and monoterpenes or reduces it only moderately (e.g. Bertin and Staudt, 1996; Brilli et al., 2007; Staudt et al., 2008). Strong, long-lasting drought, however, decreases isoprenoid emissions considerably (Hansen et al., 199 ...
Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions
... Monoterpene emissions from plants have a variety of crucial ecological functions. They aid in defense against herbivory, either by their toxicity to herbivores or by signalling to predators (Litvak and Monson, 1998). Signalling is used for other purposes as well, e.g. to attract pollinators (Dudarev ...
... Monoterpene emissions from plants have a variety of crucial ecological functions. They aid in defense against herbivory, either by their toxicity to herbivores or by signalling to predators (Litvak and Monson, 1998). Signalling is used for other purposes as well, e.g. to attract pollinators (Dudarev ...
in ACP.
... The rise in energy consumption by the growing human population and the increasing mobility are associated with emissions of air pollutants in particular by road and air traffic as well as international shipping. These emissions are expected to increase in future, affecting air quality and climate (K ...
... The rise in energy consumption by the growing human population and the increasing mobility are associated with emissions of air pollutants in particular by road and air traffic as well as international shipping. These emissions are expected to increase in future, affecting air quality and climate (K ...
THE WAY FORWARD - Canada`s Ecofiscal Commission
... 3.3 Provincial carbon pricing offers a practical way forward....................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Policy can become more coordinated and comprehensive over time................................................................. ...
... 3.3 Provincial carbon pricing offers a practical way forward....................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Policy can become more coordinated and comprehensive over time................................................................. ...
Chapter 5 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
... until the final hours, filled with uncertainty. Ultimately, the Parties would agree to an ambitious — if somewhat ambiguous — agreement that would set clear targets for reducing the net greenhouse gas emissions of most developed countries while allowing them to meet these targets by trading emission ...
... until the final hours, filled with uncertainty. Ultimately, the Parties would agree to an ambitious — if somewhat ambiguous — agreement that would set clear targets for reducing the net greenhouse gas emissions of most developed countries while allowing them to meet these targets by trading emission ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wales February 2013
... overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012‟. The European Union participated in both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol on behalf of its Member States. The EU countries have a target to reduce emissions by 8 per cent, and the UK has ...
... overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012‟. The European Union participated in both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol on behalf of its Member States. The EU countries have a target to reduce emissions by 8 per cent, and the UK has ...
PDF
... Indonesia and Brazil are special cases in that their emissions profile is dominated by carbon from deforestation and other land-based sources. These have been broadly stagnant over recent years, and in some cases might fall even without specific climate policy interventions, resulting in only small ...
... Indonesia and Brazil are special cases in that their emissions profile is dominated by carbon from deforestation and other land-based sources. These have been broadly stagnant over recent years, and in some cases might fall even without specific climate policy interventions, resulting in only small ...
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper
... impact on business and households. The Government’s Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme will, for the first time, place a limit, or cap, on the amount of carbon pollution industry can emit. It will require affected businesses and industry to buy a ‘pollution permit’ for each tonne of carbon they contr ...
... impact on business and households. The Government’s Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme will, for the first time, place a limit, or cap, on the amount of carbon pollution industry can emit. It will require affected businesses and industry to buy a ‘pollution permit’ for each tonne of carbon they contr ...
8. equal per capita entitlements
... agreed to under the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol stipulates a framework for the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) by the developed (Annex I) countries, while allowing the developing (non-Annex I) countries space to increase their emissions ...
... agreed to under the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol stipulates a framework for the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) by the developed (Annex I) countries, while allowing the developing (non-Annex I) countries space to increase their emissions ...
Environmental economics and modelling marketable permits: Working Paper 25 (395 kB) (opens in new window)
... a setting, it is clearly important that the environmental authority has a close control over the quantity of emissions. If, instead, a price instrument were employed and the authority were to underestimate the true costs of pollution control, emissions might exceed the critical range with a resultin ...
... a setting, it is clearly important that the environmental authority has a close control over the quantity of emissions. If, instead, a price instrument were employed and the authority were to underestimate the true costs of pollution control, emissions might exceed the critical range with a resultin ...
Environmental economics and modeling marketable permits
... a setting, it is clearly important that the environmental authority has a close control over the quantity of emissions. If, instead, a price instrument were employed and the authority were to underestimate the true costs of pollution control, emissions might exceed the critical range with a resultin ...
... a setting, it is clearly important that the environmental authority has a close control over the quantity of emissions. If, instead, a price instrument were employed and the authority were to underestimate the true costs of pollution control, emissions might exceed the critical range with a resultin ...
S2013034_en.pdf
... countries, but can also be reflected in commitments for different sectors/activities worldwide and for developing countries on the basis of criteria of responsibility and capability (Samaniego, 2009). Stern (2008) estimates that an agreement to reduce emissions by 100% by 2050, will only be met if d ...
... countries, but can also be reflected in commitments for different sectors/activities worldwide and for developing countries on the basis of criteria of responsibility and capability (Samaniego, 2009). Stern (2008) estimates that an agreement to reduce emissions by 100% by 2050, will only be met if d ...
Clearing the Air on Oilsands Emissions
... even come close to meeting in 201116). This regulation requires all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year to reduce their emissions intensities by up to17 12 percent relative to a three-year facility baseline.18 Currently, the SGER is the main greenhouse gas reducti ...
... even come close to meeting in 201116). This regulation requires all facilities emitting more than 100,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year to reduce their emissions intensities by up to17 12 percent relative to a three-year facility baseline.18 Currently, the SGER is the main greenhouse gas reducti ...
2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure
... Simple Summary: Livestock manure management is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Africa producing mainly methane and nitrous oxide. The emissions from this sub-category are dependent on how manure is stored. Liquid-stored manure predominantly produces methane while d ...
... Simple Summary: Livestock manure management is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Africa producing mainly methane and nitrous oxide. The emissions from this sub-category are dependent on how manure is stored. Liquid-stored manure predominantly produces methane while d ...
Consultation information and questions
... Periodic reviews of the liquid fossil fuels default emissions factors (DEFs) are required to maintain the accuracy of emissions reporting in the NZ ETS. When the Liquid Fossil Fuels Regulations (LFF Regulations) were established, a process was developed to determine if an update was required to the ...
... Periodic reviews of the liquid fossil fuels default emissions factors (DEFs) are required to maintain the accuracy of emissions reporting in the NZ ETS. When the Liquid Fossil Fuels Regulations (LFF Regulations) were established, a process was developed to determine if an update was required to the ...
INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION A Thesis Presented
... recognized as a key component of mitigating climate change. The scope of this challenge demands that we examine all options available: from the creation of new institutions and policies to manage CO2e emissions to rethinking and redesigning our communities. One new instrument for limiting carbon emi ...
... recognized as a key component of mitigating climate change. The scope of this challenge demands that we examine all options available: from the creation of new institutions and policies to manage CO2e emissions to rethinking and redesigning our communities. One new instrument for limiting carbon emi ...
Post Paris: Australia`s climate policy options
... emissions may be a single mechanism to reduce emissions across the Australian economy, or a suite of policies, each targeting different sectors. Grattan Institute is developing a report due for release in early 2016 that will propose a way forward for Australia’s overall emissions reduction strategy ...
... emissions may be a single mechanism to reduce emissions across the Australian economy, or a suite of policies, each targeting different sectors. Grattan Institute is developing a report due for release in early 2016 that will propose a way forward for Australia’s overall emissions reduction strategy ...
Climate phoenix - Grattan Institute
... Toxic political debates and a policy bonfire over the past decade have prevented the emergence of a stable and compelling climate policy in Australia. But with both major parties now committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to the global effort to address climate change, we mu ...
... Toxic political debates and a policy bonfire over the past decade have prevented the emergence of a stable and compelling climate policy in Australia. But with both major parties now committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to the global effort to address climate change, we mu ...
Chapter 3 – The cost-effective path to 2050
... by at least 80% on 1990 levels, covering all sectors including the UK share of international aviation and international shipping (IAS)5. This implies a level of per capita emissions in 2050, which if replicated globally, would be consistent with a path to limiting global temperature increase to arou ...
... by at least 80% on 1990 levels, covering all sectors including the UK share of international aviation and international shipping (IAS)5. This implies a level of per capita emissions in 2050, which if replicated globally, would be consistent with a path to limiting global temperature increase to arou ...
New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) is a partial-coverage all-free allocation uncapped highly internationally linked emissions trading scheme. The NZ ETS was first legislated in the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 in September 2008 under the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand and then amended in November 2009 and in November 2012 by the Fifth National Government of New Zealand.The NZ ETS covers forestry (a net sink), energy (42% of total 2012 emissions), industry (7% of total 2012 emissions) and waste (5% of total 2012 emissions) but not pastoral agriculture (46% of 2012 total emissions). Participants in the NZ ETS must surrender one emission unit (either an international 'Kyoto' unit or a New Zealand-issued unit) for every two tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions reported or they may choose to buy NZ units from the government at a fixed price of NZ$25.Individual sectors of the economy have different entry dates when their obligations to report emissions and surrender emission units take effect. Forestry, which contributed net removals of 17.5 Mts of CO2e in 2010 (19% of NZ's 2008 emissions,) entered the NZ ETS on 1 January 2008. The stationary energy, industrial processes and liquid fossil fuel sectors entered the NZ ETS on 1 July 2010. The waste sector (landfill operators) entered on 1 January 2013. From November 2009, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from pastoral agriculture were scheduled to be included in the NZ ETS from 1 January 2015. However, agriculture was indefinitely excluded from the NZ ETS in 2013. The NZ ETS is highly linked to international carbon markets as it allows the importing of most of the Kyoto Protocol emission units. It also creates a specific domestic unit; the 'New Zealand Unit' (NZU), which will be issued by free allocation to emitters, with no auctions intended in the short term. Free allocation of NZUs will vary by sector. The commercial fishery sector (who are not participants) will receive a free allocation of units on a historic basis. Owners of pre-1990 forests will receive a fixed free allocation of units. Free allocation to emissions-intensive industry, will be provided on an output-intensity basis. For this sector, there is no set limit on the number of units that may be allocated. The number of units allocated to eligible emitters will be based on the average emissions per unit of output within a defined 'activity'. Bertram and Terry (2010, p 16) state that as the NZ ETS does not 'cap' emissions, the NZ ETS is not a cap and trade scheme as understood in the economics literature.Some stakeholders have criticized the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme for its generous free allocations of emission units and the lack of a carbon price signal (the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment), and for being ineffective in reducing emissions (Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand).The NZ ETS was reviewed in late 2011 by an independent panel, which reported to the public in September 2011. In response, the NZ ETS was amended in November 2012.