DOC 129KB - Climate Change Authority
... cent below 2005 levels by 2020. All the metrics in this guide refer to production-based emissions, i.e. those produced from activities in a country, including from the production of goods and services it exports (but not the goods and services it imports). This method of measurement is the internati ...
... cent below 2005 levels by 2020. All the metrics in this guide refer to production-based emissions, i.e. those produced from activities in a country, including from the production of goods and services it exports (but not the goods and services it imports). This method of measurement is the internati ...
Tokyo - IETA
... Excess credits: 22 When a covered facility reduces emissions by more than its compliance obligation, it can apply for credit issuance within a given period after the emissions are determined. In this instance, the facility can sell its excess credits amounting up to one-half of its base year emissio ...
... Excess credits: 22 When a covered facility reduces emissions by more than its compliance obligation, it can apply for credit issuance within a given period after the emissions are determined. In this instance, the facility can sell its excess credits amounting up to one-half of its base year emissio ...
The PAGE09 Integrated Assessment Model: A Technical Description
... model abatement costs. Cost parameters in all regions except the focus region differ from the values for the focus region by a regional multiplier. This approach is clearly inferior in its form to recent continuous abatement cost curves generated by McKinsey, 2007, Bllomberg, 2010, Rose and Wei, ...
... model abatement costs. Cost parameters in all regions except the focus region differ from the values for the focus region by a regional multiplier. This approach is clearly inferior in its form to recent continuous abatement cost curves generated by McKinsey, 2007, Bllomberg, 2010, Rose and Wei, ...
9 Towards global agreemenT Key points
... of these instruments. Some countries would undoubtedly choose to achieve their mitigation objectives through carbon taxes and regulation (the choice of domestic instruments is explored with respect to Australia in Chapter 13). International supervision of emissions commitments would be limited to mo ...
... of these instruments. Some countries would undoubtedly choose to achieve their mitigation objectives through carbon taxes and regulation (the choice of domestic instruments is explored with respect to Australia in Chapter 13). International supervision of emissions commitments would be limited to mo ...
Australia`s carbon budget based on global effort sharing
... Australian historic data. Scenario 2 (“It’s not too late…”) assumes that emissions follow BAU until 2013 and then start reducing emissions. The spent budget is equal to the accumulated emissions between 1990 and 2013, as given by official Australian historic data and projections. Scenario 3 (“Delaye ...
... Australian historic data. Scenario 2 (“It’s not too late…”) assumes that emissions follow BAU until 2013 and then start reducing emissions. The spent budget is equal to the accumulated emissions between 1990 and 2013, as given by official Australian historic data and projections. Scenario 3 (“Delaye ...
Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Ireland (07-CCRP-3.1) CCRP Report
... Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the authors accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occ ...
... Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the authors accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occ ...
Southeast Florida Regional Climate Compact
... Beach Counties] recognize that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activity are catalyzing profound changes in climate and weather, the consequences of which pose substantial risks to the future health, wellbeing, and prosperity of the planet. In response, the Compact Counties have taken actio ...
... Beach Counties] recognize that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activity are catalyzing profound changes in climate and weather, the consequences of which pose substantial risks to the future health, wellbeing, and prosperity of the planet. In response, the Compact Counties have taken actio ...
The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate
... substitute gases as discussed below. An important assumption in these comparisons is that, except for use of non-ODS fluorocarbon substitute gases, the ODS reductions did not lead to increases in other greenhouse gas emissions. For example, because energy efficiency regulations have not been related ...
... substitute gases as discussed below. An important assumption in these comparisons is that, except for use of non-ODS fluorocarbon substitute gases, the ODS reductions did not lead to increases in other greenhouse gas emissions. For example, because energy efficiency regulations have not been related ...
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... CO2 (IPCC 2013b). Agriculture emits CO2 only indirectly, through its use of energy and products generated by fossil fuels, and in some countries, deforestation. In New Zealand, lifecycle analysis indicates that currently, CO2 makes up only about 10% of the total emissions generated for the productio ...
... CO2 (IPCC 2013b). Agriculture emits CO2 only indirectly, through its use of energy and products generated by fossil fuels, and in some countries, deforestation. In New Zealand, lifecycle analysis indicates that currently, CO2 makes up only about 10% of the total emissions generated for the productio ...
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... are being considered as the primary policy instrument for reducing GHG emissions in Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States, among other countries. Due to the increasingly likely prospect of a world with multiple tradable permit systems, attention has focused on how and whether to link these ...
... are being considered as the primary policy instrument for reducing GHG emissions in Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States, among other countries. Due to the increasingly likely prospect of a world with multiple tradable permit systems, attention has focused on how and whether to link these ...
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... We assume that avoiding dangerous climate change and addressing the issue of responsibility and equity in CO2 emissions are the two fundamental pillars on which comprehensive climate change legislation will be based (Stern 2009). Henceforth, we refer to these two as “safety” and “fairness”. The exte ...
... We assume that avoiding dangerous climate change and addressing the issue of responsibility and equity in CO2 emissions are the two fundamental pillars on which comprehensive climate change legislation will be based (Stern 2009). Henceforth, we refer to these two as “safety” and “fairness”. The exte ...
Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Accounts State Greenhouse Gas
... GREENHOUSE GASES REFERENCED IN THIS REPORT This report covers the same sources and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Those greenhouse gases included are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous o ...
... GREENHOUSE GASES REFERENCED IN THIS REPORT This report covers the same sources and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Those greenhouse gases included are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous o ...
air traffic controls: the hidden costs of a new london runway
... There is a reasonable economic basis for this approach of prioritising emissions cuts in other sectors, rather than in aviation, as cutting emissions from aviation is generally more expensive than doing so in other sectors. However, while this relative ‘marginal abatement costs’ approach may be econ ...
... There is a reasonable economic basis for this approach of prioritising emissions cuts in other sectors, rather than in aviation, as cutting emissions from aviation is generally more expensive than doing so in other sectors. However, while this relative ‘marginal abatement costs’ approach may be econ ...
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... greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto agreements could provide increased emissions reduction at a lower cost.6 Inclusion of multiple gases in Kyoto and other trading regimes is possible because of a system of global warming potential (GWP) factors, which have been adopted by the Intergovernment ...
... greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto agreements could provide increased emissions reduction at a lower cost.6 Inclusion of multiple gases in Kyoto and other trading regimes is possible because of a system of global warming potential (GWP) factors, which have been adopted by the Intergovernment ...
The Kyoto Protocol accounting rules
... country is permitted over the Kyoto Protocol agreement period. Under Article 3.1 of the Kyoto Protocol, 5 Australia is to meet a target of 108 per cent of its 1990 emission levels annually by the end of the five-year first commitment period (2008-2012). 6 More precisely, Australia is to ensure that ...
... country is permitted over the Kyoto Protocol agreement period. Under Article 3.1 of the Kyoto Protocol, 5 Australia is to meet a target of 108 per cent of its 1990 emission levels annually by the end of the five-year first commitment period (2008-2012). 6 More precisely, Australia is to ensure that ...
guide to synthetic greenhouse gas activities in the NZ ETS
... costs by improving the accuracy of emissions reporting ...
... costs by improving the accuracy of emissions reporting ...
Forest Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol
... The Convention was designed so that it could be developed further by countries as new scientific knowledge came forward. In December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, New Zealand and other countries signed a legally binding international agreement to reduce emissions of GHGs. The Kyoto Protocol was in response ...
... The Convention was designed so that it could be developed further by countries as new scientific knowledge came forward. In December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, New Zealand and other countries signed a legally binding international agreement to reduce emissions of GHGs. The Kyoto Protocol was in response ...
Features of the Prototype Nations Climate Model
... The “flat path” caps emissions above removals. More is still flowing into the bathtub than is flowing out. So the level of water in the bathtub continues to rise. ...
... The “flat path” caps emissions above removals. More is still flowing into the bathtub than is flowing out. So the level of water in the bathtub continues to rise. ...
The Fifth Carbon Budget – The next step towards a low
... • The ‘non-traded’ sector covers all emissions outside the EU ETS, including transport, heating in buildings, agriculture, waste and some industry. Emissions from these sectors have reduced by 29% since 1990, and are projected to be 35% below 1990 by 2020. For these sectors, performance against th ...
... • The ‘non-traded’ sector covers all emissions outside the EU ETS, including transport, heating in buildings, agriculture, waste and some industry. Emissions from these sectors have reduced by 29% since 1990, and are projected to be 35% below 1990 by 2020. For these sectors, performance against th ...
Improving the 5th UK carbon budget
... carbon budgets should be overhauled to be more intuitive, transparent and honest. The UK’s carbon budgets under the Climate Change Act embody a simple promise: to keep national For more information visit www.sandbag.org.uk or emissions beneath the level proposed by the email us at [email protected] ...
... carbon budgets should be overhauled to be more intuitive, transparent and honest. The UK’s carbon budgets under the Climate Change Act embody a simple promise: to keep national For more information visit www.sandbag.org.uk or emissions beneath the level proposed by the email us at [email protected] ...
National Inventory Report on greenhouse gas sources and sinks
... Canada’s National Inventory Submission is the annual communication through which Canada meets its annual reporting obligations under the Convention and serves as the authoritative indicator and basis of comparison of national performance. It is a source of reliable, detailed information for Canadian ...
... Canada’s National Inventory Submission is the annual communication through which Canada meets its annual reporting obligations under the Convention and serves as the authoritative indicator and basis of comparison of national performance. It is a source of reliable, detailed information for Canadian ...
National baseline and INDC scenarios for Parties
... deforestation rates will stay at the same level as the period 2008-2012 while reforestation removals will decline [3]. Based on this, the BAU scenario shows a decrease of net annual LULUCF emissions by 2020 in the range of 3.6 Mt CO2e yr-1 compared to 2010 levels. As the BAU scenario has only been r ...
... deforestation rates will stay at the same level as the period 2008-2012 while reforestation removals will decline [3]. Based on this, the BAU scenario shows a decrease of net annual LULUCF emissions by 2020 in the range of 3.6 Mt CO2e yr-1 compared to 2010 levels. As the BAU scenario has only been r ...
- Brookings Institution
... ratified by most of the countries in the world, including the United States, and entered into force in 1994. The Convention’s intent was to stabilize emissions of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels by the year 2000 through voluntary measures taken by individual countries. Most of the burden was to be a ...
... ratified by most of the countries in the world, including the United States, and entered into force in 1994. The Convention’s intent was to stabilize emissions of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels by the year 2000 through voluntary measures taken by individual countries. Most of the burden was to be a ...
New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) is a partial-coverage all-free allocation uncapped highly internationally linked emissions trading scheme. The NZ ETS was first legislated in the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 in September 2008 under the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand and then amended in November 2009 and in November 2012 by the Fifth National Government of New Zealand.The NZ ETS covers forestry (a net sink), energy (42% of total 2012 emissions), industry (7% of total 2012 emissions) and waste (5% of total 2012 emissions) but not pastoral agriculture (46% of 2012 total emissions). Participants in the NZ ETS must surrender one emission unit (either an international 'Kyoto' unit or a New Zealand-issued unit) for every two tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions reported or they may choose to buy NZ units from the government at a fixed price of NZ$25.Individual sectors of the economy have different entry dates when their obligations to report emissions and surrender emission units take effect. Forestry, which contributed net removals of 17.5 Mts of CO2e in 2010 (19% of NZ's 2008 emissions,) entered the NZ ETS on 1 January 2008. The stationary energy, industrial processes and liquid fossil fuel sectors entered the NZ ETS on 1 July 2010. The waste sector (landfill operators) entered on 1 January 2013. From November 2009, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from pastoral agriculture were scheduled to be included in the NZ ETS from 1 January 2015. However, agriculture was indefinitely excluded from the NZ ETS in 2013. The NZ ETS is highly linked to international carbon markets as it allows the importing of most of the Kyoto Protocol emission units. It also creates a specific domestic unit; the 'New Zealand Unit' (NZU), which will be issued by free allocation to emitters, with no auctions intended in the short term. Free allocation of NZUs will vary by sector. The commercial fishery sector (who are not participants) will receive a free allocation of units on a historic basis. Owners of pre-1990 forests will receive a fixed free allocation of units. Free allocation to emissions-intensive industry, will be provided on an output-intensity basis. For this sector, there is no set limit on the number of units that may be allocated. The number of units allocated to eligible emitters will be based on the average emissions per unit of output within a defined 'activity'. Bertram and Terry (2010, p 16) state that as the NZ ETS does not 'cap' emissions, the NZ ETS is not a cap and trade scheme as understood in the economics literature.Some stakeholders have criticized the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme for its generous free allocations of emission units and the lack of a carbon price signal (the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment), and for being ineffective in reducing emissions (Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand).The NZ ETS was reviewed in late 2011 by an independent panel, which reported to the public in September 2011. In response, the NZ ETS was amended in November 2012.