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... 2.1. Motivation One: Climate change is likely to cause serious damage and reducing agricultural emissions will help to reduce the risk. Climate change could impact New Zealanders either directly (through physical changes brought about by global temperature rises) or indirectly (through flow on effec ...
... 2.1. Motivation One: Climate change is likely to cause serious damage and reducing agricultural emissions will help to reduce the risk. Climate change could impact New Zealanders either directly (through physical changes brought about by global temperature rises) or indirectly (through flow on effec ...
Bunker Fuels and the Kyoto Protocol How ICAO and the IMO Failed
... 1994 and in the years thereafter given the international character of the bulk of these emissions. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emissions first drafted in 1994 stated that emissions from international aviation and marine bunker fuel ...
... 1994 and in the years thereafter given the international character of the bulk of these emissions. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emissions first drafted in 1994 stated that emissions from international aviation and marine bunker fuel ...
Executive Summary
... increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The contribution of human activities to enhancing the greenhouse effect has been recognized worldwide by both the scientific and policy communities. The ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC ...
... increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The contribution of human activities to enhancing the greenhouse effect has been recognized worldwide by both the scientific and policy communities. The ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC ...
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... Copyright 2011 by Barbara Heinrich and Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ...
... Copyright 2011 by Barbara Heinrich and Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ...
After Kyoto: Approaches to Climate Change Mitigation Post-2012
... How should emissions reduction burdens be allocated?...............................18 Conclusions……...........................................................................................23 References…………………………..…………………………………..….24 ...
... How should emissions reduction burdens be allocated?...............................18 Conclusions……...........................................................................................23 References…………………………..…………………………………..….24 ...
ISSUE BRIEF 14 mANDATORy REGUlATION OF NONTRADITIONAl GREENHOUSE GASES: POlICy OPTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAl
... 14 Note that an economy-wide policy would capture all potential trade-offs in terms of climate benefit. For example, switching to refrigerants with lower GWPs would be beneficial, on the one hand, but could also reduce the efficiency of refrigerant-using equipment, such as air conditioners. The resu ...
... 14 Note that an economy-wide policy would capture all potential trade-offs in terms of climate benefit. For example, switching to refrigerants with lower GWPs would be beneficial, on the one hand, but could also reduce the efficiency of refrigerant-using equipment, such as air conditioners. The resu ...
Economic Growth and Climate Change: A Cross
... and year are also included in the models. 4. Analysis and Results Table 2 demonstrates that there is a positive correlation between economic growth and both measures of emissions. Both correlations are statistically significant (p < 0.001, two-tailed test). However, the correlation is much higher fo ...
... and year are also included in the models. 4. Analysis and Results Table 2 demonstrates that there is a positive correlation between economic growth and both measures of emissions. Both correlations are statistically significant (p < 0.001, two-tailed test). However, the correlation is much higher fo ...
New Zealand`s Journey toward a Low-Emission Future
... New Zealand faces the prospect of a global low-emission future with an economy currently driven by activities that are emissions intensive, vulnerable to climate impacts and dependent on international markets. This could have significant implications for New Zealand’s future development, including t ...
... New Zealand faces the prospect of a global low-emission future with an economy currently driven by activities that are emissions intensive, vulnerable to climate impacts and dependent on international markets. This could have significant implications for New Zealand’s future development, including t ...
Meeting Carbon Budgets – Implications of Brexit for UK climate policy
... tackling climate change and set these in domestic legislation. The 2008 Climate Change Act sets carbon budgets that require steady progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, taking into account a range of criteria including costs, competitiveness, and climate science. The carbon budgets legislat ...
... tackling climate change and set these in domestic legislation. The 2008 Climate Change Act sets carbon budgets that require steady progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, taking into account a range of criteria including costs, competitiveness, and climate science. The carbon budgets legislat ...
Manitoba Perspectives on Emissions Trading
... – “climate change is a real and pressing problem for Manitoba…” – “strong support for ratification of Kyoto…” – “Kyoto reduction targets are only a modest beginning for what must be done…” – “It is our moral obligation to take all reasonable steps now to reduce emissions and begin adapting to climat ...
... – “climate change is a real and pressing problem for Manitoba…” – “strong support for ratification of Kyoto…” – “Kyoto reduction targets are only a modest beginning for what must be done…” – “It is our moral obligation to take all reasonable steps now to reduce emissions and begin adapting to climat ...
Green Market Responses to Global Governance: International
... Put differently, the allocation determines the net effect of the regulation.1 So, if firms in a capand-trade market received a free allocation equivalent to 100 percent of their future emissions, the allowances would offset the increased regulatory burden because firms could clean up for ‘free’ or o ...
... Put differently, the allocation determines the net effect of the regulation.1 So, if firms in a capand-trade market received a free allocation equivalent to 100 percent of their future emissions, the allowances would offset the increased regulatory burden because firms could clean up for ‘free’ or o ...
Silent but Deadly - Global Justice Now
... They include the direct (scope 1) emissions from things like the boilers and engines that burn fossil fuels on site. They also include the purchased (scope 2) emissions arising from the electricity consumed by the animal feed company. But they exclude the vast majority of indirect (scope 3) emission ...
... They include the direct (scope 1) emissions from things like the boilers and engines that burn fossil fuels on site. They also include the purchased (scope 2) emissions arising from the electricity consumed by the animal feed company. But they exclude the vast majority of indirect (scope 3) emission ...
New Zealand`s Climate Change Target
... To underpin the agreement, each nation, including New Zealand, has been asked to consider what it can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a constructive and responsible global citizen, New Zealand is keen to play its part. We currently have a target to reduce emissions 5 per cent bel ...
... To underpin the agreement, each nation, including New Zealand, has been asked to consider what it can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a constructive and responsible global citizen, New Zealand is keen to play its part. We currently have a target to reduce emissions 5 per cent bel ...
Carbon Pricing Watch - World bank documents
... Emission Reductions – (CERs) and Emission Reduction units (ERUs) – continued in 2014. To date, EU ETS installations have used 1.45 billion CERs and ERUs20 to help with their compliance obligations, or 90 percent of the total 1.6 billion allowed by the EU ETS between 2008 and 2020. The former number ...
... Emission Reductions – (CERs) and Emission Reduction units (ERUs) – continued in 2014. To date, EU ETS installations have used 1.45 billion CERs and ERUs20 to help with their compliance obligations, or 90 percent of the total 1.6 billion allowed by the EU ETS between 2008 and 2020. The former number ...
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... fighting climate change, by agreeing a series of further unilateral emissions cuts over the 2013-2020 period under the auspices of its Climate and Energy Package (CEP). Amid discussions on the best way to achieve these goals, the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) emerged for a test ...
... fighting climate change, by agreeing a series of further unilateral emissions cuts over the 2013-2020 period under the auspices of its Climate and Energy Package (CEP). Amid discussions on the best way to achieve these goals, the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) emerged for a test ...
Draft Cars Model Story Line - Tufts Office of Sustainability
... can boost removals CO2 in the Atmosphere ...
... can boost removals CO2 in the Atmosphere ...
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... Emissions measures for the national inventory and for on-farm abatement decisions require different levels of precision to provide information and accuracy at relevant scales. Estimates in the national inventory draw on a variety of data sources, country specific and default emissions factors and me ...
... Emissions measures for the national inventory and for on-farm abatement decisions require different levels of precision to provide information and accuracy at relevant scales. Estimates in the national inventory draw on a variety of data sources, country specific and default emissions factors and me ...
promoting the goal of sustainable development
... • How does the new guidance complement existing practice on environmental reporting? • Post Climate Change Act, and UK annual carbon budget will the emerging mix of standards, policy, guidance and regulation lead to the required reductions in GHG emissions? • If there are any ‘gaps’ in the developin ...
... • How does the new guidance complement existing practice on environmental reporting? • Post Climate Change Act, and UK annual carbon budget will the emerging mix of standards, policy, guidance and regulation lead to the required reductions in GHG emissions? • If there are any ‘gaps’ in the developin ...
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Africa
... will likely lead to increased emission over the next decades. Nevertheless, emissions per capita will remain low by comparison with other continents. Improvements in the C intensity (decline) remain a challenge for African countries particularly for LDCs whose C intensity has stalled or worsened (in ...
... will likely lead to increased emission over the next decades. Nevertheless, emissions per capita will remain low by comparison with other continents. Improvements in the C intensity (decline) remain a challenge for African countries particularly for LDCs whose C intensity has stalled or worsened (in ...
an australian policy framework - Garnaut Climate Change Review
... cooperation and not just Australian emissions reduction. The purpose of pursuing an Australian mitigation policy ahead of a comprehensive international commitment is to maximise the chances of an effective global agreement being reached as quickly as possible. The rate at which emissions are reduced ...
... cooperation and not just Australian emissions reduction. The purpose of pursuing an Australian mitigation policy ahead of a comprehensive international commitment is to maximise the chances of an effective global agreement being reached as quickly as possible. The rate at which emissions are reduced ...
Climate change policy in Alberta Backgrounder At a glance
... How SGER works Emissions subject to regulation Alberta’s emissions regulation applies to industrial facilities that emit over 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases per year. At this threshold, 106 facilities fall under the regulation, including oilsands production and processing, natural gas processin ...
... How SGER works Emissions subject to regulation Alberta’s emissions regulation applies to industrial facilities that emit over 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases per year. At this threshold, 106 facilities fall under the regulation, including oilsands production and processing, natural gas processin ...
the kyoto protocol mechanisms - CDM
... (CO 2) is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. ...
... (CO 2) is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. ...
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... There are two main avenues available to the agricultural sector through which it may accomplish the necessary reductions in emissions. Namely, these are through technological innovation or alternatively through production cutbacks. Of these, the former is only likely to contribute in a significant w ...
... There are two main avenues available to the agricultural sector through which it may accomplish the necessary reductions in emissions. Namely, these are through technological innovation or alternatively through production cutbacks. Of these, the former is only likely to contribute in a significant w ...
Climate change I: Kyoto Protocol preferred policy package
... The package set out below contains the key elements of the Government’s policy response to climate change in order to give Parliament, industry and other stakeholders a clear outline of future policy directions. The development of the policy package was guided by the Government’s principles of ensur ...
... The package set out below contains the key elements of the Government’s policy response to climate change in order to give Parliament, industry and other stakeholders a clear outline of future policy directions. The development of the policy package was guided by the Government’s principles of ensur ...
The carbon market in 2020: volumes, prices and gains from trade: Working Paper 11 (331 kB) (opens in new window)
... The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established by the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2008 to bring together international expertise on economics, finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to create ...
... The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established by the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2008 to bring together international expertise on economics, finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to create ...
New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) is a partial-coverage all-free allocation uncapped highly internationally linked emissions trading scheme. The NZ ETS was first legislated in the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 in September 2008 under the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand and then amended in November 2009 and in November 2012 by the Fifth National Government of New Zealand.The NZ ETS covers forestry (a net sink), energy (42% of total 2012 emissions), industry (7% of total 2012 emissions) and waste (5% of total 2012 emissions) but not pastoral agriculture (46% of 2012 total emissions). Participants in the NZ ETS must surrender one emission unit (either an international 'Kyoto' unit or a New Zealand-issued unit) for every two tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions reported or they may choose to buy NZ units from the government at a fixed price of NZ$25.Individual sectors of the economy have different entry dates when their obligations to report emissions and surrender emission units take effect. Forestry, which contributed net removals of 17.5 Mts of CO2e in 2010 (19% of NZ's 2008 emissions,) entered the NZ ETS on 1 January 2008. The stationary energy, industrial processes and liquid fossil fuel sectors entered the NZ ETS on 1 July 2010. The waste sector (landfill operators) entered on 1 January 2013. From November 2009, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from pastoral agriculture were scheduled to be included in the NZ ETS from 1 January 2015. However, agriculture was indefinitely excluded from the NZ ETS in 2013. The NZ ETS is highly linked to international carbon markets as it allows the importing of most of the Kyoto Protocol emission units. It also creates a specific domestic unit; the 'New Zealand Unit' (NZU), which will be issued by free allocation to emitters, with no auctions intended in the short term. Free allocation of NZUs will vary by sector. The commercial fishery sector (who are not participants) will receive a free allocation of units on a historic basis. Owners of pre-1990 forests will receive a fixed free allocation of units. Free allocation to emissions-intensive industry, will be provided on an output-intensity basis. For this sector, there is no set limit on the number of units that may be allocated. The number of units allocated to eligible emitters will be based on the average emissions per unit of output within a defined 'activity'. Bertram and Terry (2010, p 16) state that as the NZ ETS does not 'cap' emissions, the NZ ETS is not a cap and trade scheme as understood in the economics literature.Some stakeholders have criticized the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme for its generous free allocations of emission units and the lack of a carbon price signal (the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment), and for being ineffective in reducing emissions (Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand).The NZ ETS was reviewed in late 2011 by an independent panel, which reported to the public in September 2011. In response, the NZ ETS was amended in November 2012.