Download The Human Body and Health

GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist
The Human Body and Health
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recall that some features are common to most cells (cell
membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm).
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understand that respiration takes place in living cells and is a
chemical reactions which uses glucose and oxygen to release
energy and produce carbon dioxide and water as by products.
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recall the structure of the human circulatory system and the
composition and functions of the blood including arteries, veins,
capillaries, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets.
Part of the blood
Plasma
Red blood cell
White blood cell
platelets
Its job
Carry glucose & carbon dioxide around
the body
Carry oxygen around the body
Protect us from diseases
Helps the blood to clot
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understand that one loop of the circulatory system connects to
the lungs to enable transfer of gases; the other loop connects to
the rest of the body to supply cells with glucose and oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide.
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know how humans maintain a constant body temperature.
GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist
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label a simplified given diagram of the skin and understand the
role of these structures in temperature regulation:
dilation/constriction, sweating, erection of hairs; shivering as a
means of generating heat.
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know that hormones are chemical messengers, produced by
glands and carried by the blood.
understand that glucose levels need to be fairly constant and that
when the blood sugar level is too high, the pancreas releases the
hormone insulin into the blood. This causes the liver to reduce
the sugar level by converting sugar to insoluble glycogen and
then store it.
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Diabetes is a condition in which a person’s blood glucose may
rise to a fatally high level because the body does not produce
enough insulin.
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understand that sense organs are groups of receptor cells which
respond to a stimulus and relay this information to the brain.
Some responses are reflex actions. These reactions are fast,
automatic and some are protective.
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know that a reflex arc involves stimulus receptor
coordinator effector. Label a given diagram of a reflex
arc to show: receptor, sensory nerve cell, connecting nerve
cell in spinal cord, motor nerve cell, effector, synapses.
(Higher Tier only).
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know that the nucleus contains DNA. Analysis by ‘genetic
fingerprinting’ can be used to show the similarity between two
DNA samples, for instance in criminal and paternity cases.
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assess the issues surrounding ‘gene ownership’ as a result of
DNA analysis.
GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist
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know that DNA contains coded information that determines how
cells function due to the types of proteins being coded for.
Chromosomes are strands of DNA.
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know that DNA contains coded information that determines how
cells function due to the types of proteins being coded for.
Chromosomes are strands of DNA.
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understand meiosis as a nuclear division that halves the
chromosome number during gamete formation and that the
genetic composition of the daughter cells is not identical.
(Stages in meiosis are not required.) (Higher Tier only)
understand that genes are sections of DNA molecules that
determine inherited characteristics and since body cells contain
pairs of chromosomes, the genes which control particular
characteristics also come as pairs.
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know that genes have different forms, called alleles.
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be able to complete Punnet squares and explain the outcomes of
monohybrid crosses. For example, if both parents have gene
pairs Bb
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know that new genes result from changes/mutations in existing
genes and that mutations occur randomly. Mutations may be
beneficial or harmful and may be passed on from parents to
offspring.
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know that cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease which causes the
production of thick mucus which blocks the bronchioles. Gene
therapy has been tried but there are difficulties in targeting
appropriate cells and there may be side effects.
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consider the scientific process of experimentation, observation
and deduction which led Gregor Mendel to propose the
mechanism of inheritance. Discuss why the significance of the
work was not recognised and validated by scientists for many
years.
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know that infectious diseases may be caused by micro-organisms
and name some examples (measles, mumps, rubella, polio,
tuberculosis (TB), foot and mouth, athlete's foot and skin
infections.)
understand that in human body cells one pair of chromosomes
carries the genes that determine sex, XX (female) or XY (male),
which separate and combine randomly at fertilisation.
GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist
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give examples of a range of methods of protecting against
infection by harmful micro-organisms e.g. in food production
(personal hygiene, sterilisation, disinfectants, antiseptics)
understand about the use of immunisation to protect humans and
other animals from infection by specific micro-organisms (MMR,
TB, foot and mouth, polio)
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know that antibiotics may kill some bacteria, but not viruses and
understand that resistant bacteria such as MRSA can result from
the over-use of antibiotics.
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discuss the ethical issues of using animals for testing drugs.
understand that some conditions are due to lifestyle choices and
explore information/data regarding the effects that alcohol,
nicotine and drug abuse have on the chemical processes in
peoples' bodies.