* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Engineering psychology
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Health psychology wikipedia , lookup
Personality psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral modernity wikipedia , lookup
Psychological evaluation wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary psychology wikipedia , lookup
Occupational health psychology wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Humanistic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Psychological injury wikipedia , lookup
Cyberpsychology wikipedia , lookup
Index of psychology articles wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Political psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical psychology wikipedia , lookup
Indigenous psychology wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
International psychology wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
History of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to psychology Ψ Keep calm & study Psychology(!) Course details • • • • • • 16 Lectures 4 Exams (Every Friday) Attendance 4 Home works Marks distribution: Attendance + homework + exam scores Lecture outline • Week 1: Historical background, trends in psychological research. • Week 2: Human Brain, psychological disorders, treatments. • Week 3: Research methodologies in psychology. • Week 4: Social, environmental psychology. Psychology PSYCH+LOGOS: Scientific study of inner feelings, psychological manipulation and behaviors (living things). If you call me a dumb, I may feel sad inside. But I will still act tough. (but I will be crying on the inside, so be gentle). History of Psychology • Only by exploring psychology's origins and studying its development can we see clearly the nature of psychology today (Duane & Sydney Schultz). • Although the science of psychology started in the late 1800’s, the concept has been around a lot longer. • There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the stone age. Earliest names in psychology • 1874: FRANZ BRENATO publishes psychology from an empirical standpoint. • 1879: WILHELM WUNDT: first experimental laboratory of psychology in Leipzig. • 1894: Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman in the USA to obtain a PhD in Psychology. • 1899: Sigmund Freud publishes ‘Interpretation of Dreams’- theories on dream interpretation. • 1906: Ivan Pavlov: Extends psychological experiments on other animals. • Describe the scientific contribution of 5 earliest phychological researchers Earlier names in psychology • 1920: John B Watson: Classical conditioning. Theory on how fear can be induced artificially in children. • 1924: Jean Piaget: works on linguistic and paediatric psychology. • 1938: Burrhus Frederic skinner: founder of behavioural psychology. (operant science) • 1942: carl rogers: publishes counselling and psychotherapy. • 1943: Abraham Maslow: theory of human motivation MIND First journal on psychological research Publisher: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association (UK) Year of first publication: 1876 Landmarks in psychology in post WW2 era • 1951:First drug to treat depression: Studies are reporting that imipramine may be able to lessen depression. • 1954: Biopsychology: Studies of epilepsy, Wilder G. Penfield discovers the relationship between chemical activity in the brain and psychological phenomena. • 1959: FDA approves use of Tofranil (antidepressant) • 1973: Homosexuality removed from DSM. APA removes homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). sexual orientation "does not necessarily constitute a psychiatric disorder." Landmarks in psychology in post WW2 era • 1976: Evolutionary psychology. Richard DawkinsThe Selfish Gene. principles from evolutionary biology are applied in research on human brain structure. • 1987: FDA approves Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft. new anti-depressant medication fluoxetine. The drug, and other similar medications, acts on serotonin. • 1990:Cultural psychology: Jerome Bruner proposes cultural psychology, influences and relationship among mind, cultural community and behavior. Psychology Vs Psychiatry • • • • • • Education Training Prescription Licensing Social influences Emotional vs physiological Branches of Psychology • Theoritical: Abnormal, Behavioral, genetics, Biological Cognitive, Cross-cultural, Developmental, Evolutionary, Experimental, Neuropsychology. • Applied: Applied behavior analysis, Clinical Community, Consumer, Counseling, Educational. Abnormal Psychology: The scientific study of abnormal thoughts and behaviour to interpret and predict and describe abnormal patterns in functioning. Socially unacceptable/violation of social norms. The definition and context varies among individuals across culture. Cognitive psychology • scientific investigation of human cognition e.g. mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, understanding. • Assumption: Human cognition can at least in principle be fully revealed by the scientific method. • The study of the capacity and fragility of human memory is one of the most developed aspects of cognitive psychology. (how memories are acquired, stored, and retrieved) Genetic psychology • Transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings. • Study of hereditary influences on behaviour, personality development. • Interaction with environment. • Shyness, kindness, aggressiveness…… • Mental disorders: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia… Cross-cultural psychology • Scientific study of human behavior and mental processes under diverse cultural conditions. • Impact of culture on personality development. • Differences across countries, races, linguistic groups, ethnicities…. • Frequency of social conflicts, suicides. • Degree of happiness. Ethnocentrism • Tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures. In • Using your understanding of your own culture to gauge what is "normal." • Can lead to biases and a tendency to view cultural differences as abnormal or in a negative light. Developmental Psychology • • • • Personality development in childhood. Trends in personality at different life stages. Goals: Describe, explain, optimize development Understanding of how people change and grow during different stages of their lives. • Age specific approaches. • People can change if important aspects of one's life change. (Orphanage to adopting family) Experimental psychology • Application of experimental methods to the study of behavior and the processes that underlie it. • Sensation, perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion. • exploring theoretical questions> creating a hypothesis >prove or disprove it through experimentation. • Humans and other animals • Perception, attention, memory, cognition and emotion. Evolutionary psychology • Human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in ancestral environments. • EP: Functional products of natural selection. • Mind as a set of information-processing machines designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems across generations. Neuropsychology • Studies how structure and function of the brain and they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors. • Experimental field that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning. • Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders. • Clinical neuropsychology: assessment and treatment of patients with brain injury or disease. Applied psychology • Application of psychological methods and findings to solve real life problems. • Engineering psychology: study of human behavior and capability- applied to the design and operation of systems and technology….Improve the relationships between people and machines by redesigning equipment, interactions, or the environment- user friendliness/ easy-to-use interfaces. Organizational psychology • Scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organizations and individuals in their workplace. • Interconnectedness. • Effective communication. • Development of professional skills. Counseling psychology • Psychotherapeutic approach to cure disorders • Assessment, supervision, consultation. • Application of methods using theory and research to help individuals, groups, and organizations function optimally/reduce dysfunction. Counseling vs clinical psychology • Counseling: theory based. Simple/temporary disorders. (lifestyle changes). Work in universities/counselling centres. • Clinical: involves severe disorders. Require medications. Work in hospitals or other medical settings. More you like someone BETTER they look – P. BLOOM) •Feeling: Happy, excited, sullen, optimistic, Interested, attractive, loved. •Behaviour: Manipulation: Lying, Excuse making. Deformation of the truth, Exaggeration. Understatement. Biasedness. MIND! • LOVE LOOKS NOT WITH THE EYES BUTWITH THE MIND. -W SHAKESPEARE Trends in Psychological thinking • The science of psychology has gone through about 5 different stages since it started. • Stages are different ways of thinking over time. Stage One: Introspection • Started with William Wundt’s first psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (structuralism). • Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology and discussed functionalism. •In reality these ideas do not have much impact on how psychologists think today. Stage Two: Gestalt Psychology • Led by Max Wertheimer, they focused not on how we feel, but on how we experience the world. • The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love someone. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your that person? Stage Three: Psychoanalysis • This wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900’s). • In a nutshell, during this time period people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. • We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms. Stage Four: Behaviorism • During this time period (early to mid 1900s), people started to ignore how you feel inside. • All that mattered was how you acted. • If you they could change your behavior, who cares how you feel. • Very popular during the conservative 1950’s when social appearance mattered more than self expression. Wave Five: Eclectic • We are now in wave five….which is about variety. • Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client. The seven schools of psychology Todays psychologists pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to resolve psychological problems. Stage Five is made up of about 7 different perspectives. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective • All of your feelings and behaviors have an organic root. • In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc… Let us imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen). You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a psychologist from this school say is going on and how might they help you? Evolutionary Perspective • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. Psychoanalytic Perspective • Focuses on the unconscious mind. • We repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. • In order to get better, we must bring forward the true feelings we have in our unconscious. Behavioral Perspective • Focuses on observable behaviors while putting feelings to the side. • We behave in ways because we have been conditioned to do so. • To change behaviors, we have to recondition the client. Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. They would probably ignore the fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overeating. Humanist Perspective • Peaked in the late 190’s and 70’s….so it focused on spirituality and free will. • We have to strive to be the best we can be “self-actualization”. • Happiness is defined by the distance between our “self-concept” and “ideal self”. Cognitive Perspective • Focuses on how we think (or encode information) • How do we see the world? • How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? • Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. Social-Cultural Perspective • Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. • Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some just bow. • Does your culture place value on individual or the group?