Download I. Introduction

Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11 th ed.
Chapter 12: Nervous System III
Chapter 12: Nervous System III
I. Introduction
A. Introduction
1. The _____________senses are those with receptors widely distributed throughout the body, including
___________________________________________________.
2. The _____________senses have more specialized receptors and are confined to structures in
_______________________________________________________.
3. Sensory receptors collect ___________________________________ and send
impulses along ___________________________________________ to the brain.
4. The cerebral cortex forms __________________________________________
II. Receptors and Sensations
A. Receptor Types
1. Five types of sensory receptors are ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Chemoreceptors respond to _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Pain receptors respond to ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Thermoreceptors respond to ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mechanoreceptors respond to _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Proprioceptors sense changes in _____________________________________
7. Baroreceptors detect changes in______________________________________
8. Stretch receptors respond to _________________________________________
9. Photoreceptors respond to __________________________________________
B. Sensory Impulses
1. Sensory receptors can be ___________________________________________
2. Stimulation of sensory receptors causes _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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3. If a receptor is a neuron and the change in membrane potential reaches
threshold, ______________________________________________ is generated.
4. If the receptor is another type of cell, its receptor potential must be __________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Sensations
1. A sensation is ____________________________________________________
2. Sensations depend on which region of the ______________________________
receives the impulse.
3. Projection is _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Sensory Adaptation
1. Sensory adaptation is ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. An example of sensory adaptation is __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
III. General Senses
A. Introduction
1. General senses are those whose sensory receptors are associated with ________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Three groups of General senses are ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Exteroceptive senses include ________________________________________
4. Proprioceptive senses include _______________________________________
5. Visceroceptive senses include _______________________________________
B. Touch and Pressure Senses
1. Three kinds of touch and pressure receptors are _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Free nerve endings are located ____________________________________ and
are responsible for the sensation of _____________________________________
3. Meissner’s corpuscles are located _________________________________ and
are involved in______________________________________________________
4. Pacinian corpuscles are located ___________________________________ and
are associated with __________________________________________________
C. Temperature Senses
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1. Two types of temperature receptors are ________________________________
2. Warm receptors respond to _________________________________________
3. Cold receptors respond to __________________________________________
4. Temperatures above 45oC and below 10oC activate ______________________
D. Sense of Pain
1. Introduction
a. Pain receptors consist of _____________________________________ .
b. Pain receptors are distributed __________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Pain receptors can be stimulated by _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
d. Pain receptors _______________________________ very little, if at all.
2. Visceral Pain
a. Visceral pain receptors respond differently to stimulation than those of _
____________________________________________________________
b. Pain in visceral organs result from stimulation of __________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Referred pain is _____________________________________________
d. Referred pain may come from _________________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. During a heart attack, the ________________________ may incorrectly
interpret the source of the impulses as _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Pain Nerve Pathways
a. Two main types of pain fibers are ______________________________
and________________________________________________________
b. Acute pain fibers are ______________________________________ and
conduct impulses ______________________________________________
c. Acute pain fibers are associated with the sensation of _______________
____________________________________________________________
d. Chronic pain fibers are ____________________________________ and
conduct impulses ______________________________________________
e. Impulses from chronic pain fibers cause __________________________
sensations.
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f. Acute pain is usually sensed as being from _____________________ and
chronic pain is likely to be felt ___________________________________
g. Pain impulses that originate from tissues of the head reach the brain on
sensory fibers of ______________________________________________
h. All other pain impulses travel on sensory fibers of __________ and they
pass into the spinal cord by way of ________________________________
i. Upon reaching the spinal cord, pain impulses enter _________________
____________________________________________________________
j. Within the brain, most pain fibers terminate in _____________________
________________ and from there are conducted on fibers to _________
____________________________________________________________
4. Regulation of Pain Impulses
a. Awareness of pain occurs when ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The cerebral cortex judges ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Enkephalins and serotonin ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
d. Endorphins are _____________________________________________
E. Proprioception
a. Proprioceptors are _________________ that send information to the ___________________
concerning the lengths and tensions of skeletal muscles.
b. Two main kinds of stretch receptors are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c. Muscle spindles are located ______________________________________ and
function to _________________________________________________________
d. Golgi tendon organs are located ___________________________________ and
function to _________________________________________________________
e. The stretch reflex is ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
IV. Special Senses
A. Introduction
1. Examples of special senses are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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2. Special senses are those whose sensory receptors are within _______________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Sense of Smell
1. Olfactory Receptors
a. Olfactory receptors are used to sense ____________________________
and are ______________________________________________________
b. Taste is a combination of _____________________________________
2. Olfactory Organs
a. Olfactory organs contains _____________________________________
b. Olfactory organs are located ___________________________________
c. The olfactory receptor cells are __________________________ neurons
surrounded by ________________________________________________
d. Cilia of olfactory receptor cells project __________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. Smell impulses are generated when______________________________
bind to
_________________________________________ that are part of the cell
membranes of the _____________________________________________
3. Olfactory Nerve Pathways
a. Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel along
_______________________________________________ to synapse with
neurons in the ________________________________________________
b. The olfactory bulbs function to _________________________________
c. From olfactory bulbs, impulses travel to__________________________
d. From olfactory tracts, impulses travel to _________________________
e. The limbic system functions to __________________________ with the
smell information.
f. The olfactory cortex is located ______________________________ and
interprets ____________________________________________________
4. Olfactory Stimulation
a. The olfactory code is _________________________________________
b. The intensity of a smell drops about 50% within a second because _____
____________________________________________________________
c. The olfactory receptor neurons are the only damaged
neurons that are _______________________________________________
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C. Sense of Taste
1. Introduction
a. Taste buds are ______________________________________________
b. Papillae of the tongue are _____________________________________
c. Taste buds are located ________________________________________
2. Taste Receptors
a. Taste cells are ______________________________________________
b. A taste pore is ______________________________________________
c. Taste hairs are ______________________________________________
d. The mechanism of tasting probably involves ______________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Taste Sensations
a. The five primary taste sensations are ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. Spicy foods activate _________________________________________
c. Responsiveness to a sweet stimulus peaks at ______________________
d. Responsiveness to a sour stimulus is greatest ______________________
____________________________________________________________
e. Receptors that are responsive to salt are __________________________
f. Sweet receptors are usually stimulated by _________________________
g. Acids stimulate _____________________________________________
h. Salt receptors are stimulated by ________________________________
i. Bitter receptors are stimulated by _______________________________
j. Taste receptors, like olfactory receptors, undergo ___________________
4. Taste Nerve Pathways
a. The three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations are ______________
____________________________________________________________
b. Cranial nerves conduct taste sensations to ________________________
c. From the medulla oblongata, taste sensations go to _________________
____________________________________________________________
d. The gustatory cortex is located _________________________________
D. Sense of Hearing
1. Introduction
a. The organ of hearing is _______________________________________
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b. The three parts of the ear are___________________________________
c. The ear also provides the sense of_______________________________
2. External Ear
a. The auricle of the ear is ____________________________________ and
functions to __________________________________________________
b. The external auditory meatus is _____________________________ and
functions to __________________________________________________
c. The external auditory meatus ends with __________________________
d. Ceruminous glands line____________________________________ and
secrete ______________________________________________________
e. The tympanic membrane is ____________________________________
___________________________ and moves back and forth in response to
____________________________________________________________
3. Middle Ear
a. The middle ear is ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The middle ear contains ______________________________________
c. The three auditory ossicles are _________________________________
____________________________________________________________
d. The _______________________ is attached to the tympanic membrane.
e. The stapes covers ___________________________________________
f. The oval window is __________________________________________
g. Vibration of the stapes moves __________________________________
h. Vibrations in the inner ear stimulate _____________________________
i. The tensor tympani is _________________________________________
j. The stapedius is _____________________________________________
k. The tympanic reflex is _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
l. The tympanic reflex reduces ___________________________________
4. Auditory Tube
a. The auditory tube connects ____________________________________
b. The auditory tube functions to _________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. Inner Ear
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a. The inner ear is a complex system of ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The osseous labyrinth is ______________________________________
c. The membranous labyrinth is __________________________________
d. Perilymph is located _________________________________________
e. Endolymph is located ________________________________________
f. The three parts of the labyrinths are _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. The cochlea functions in ______________________________________
h. The semicircular canals provide ________________________________
i. The vestibule is _____________________________________________
k. The cochlea is shaped like ____________________________________
l. The scala vestibuli is _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
m. The scala tympani is ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
n. The round window is ________________________________________
o. The cochlear duct is _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
p. The vestibular membrane is ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
q. The basilar membrane is ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
r. The organ of Corti is _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
s. The tectorial membrane is _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
t. Different frequencies of vibration move __________________________
____________________________________________________________
u. A particular sound frequency causes ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. Auditory Nerve Pathway
a. The cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve carries hearing
impulses to __________________________________________________
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b. The medulla oblongata conveys the hearing impulses through the _____
___________________ to the___________________________________
c. From the thalamus, hearing impulses go to _______________________
______________________________________ where they are interpreted.
E. Sense of Equilibrium
1. Introduction
a. The organs of static equilibrium sense ___________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The organs of dynamic equilibrium sense ________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Static Equilibrium
a. The organs of static equilibrium are located _______________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The two expanded chambers within the vestibule are _______________
____________________________________________________________
c. The macula is ______________________________________________
d. When the head is upright, the hairs of the macula in the utricle project
_______________ and those of the saccule project __________________
e. The otolithic membrane is _____________________________________
f. _______________________________ stimulates hair cells to respond.
g. When hair cells bend, they signal their associated __________________
____________________________________________________________
h. The nerve impulse generated by the bending of the hair cells travels to
the brain by means of __________________________________________
i. The brain to equilibrium information by __________________________
____________________________________________________________
j. The maculae also participate in the sense of _______________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Dynamic Equilibrium
a. The three bony semicircular canals lie at ______________________ and
occupy ______________________________________________________
b. The ampulla is ______________________________________________
c. The crista ampullaris is _______________________________________
d. The cupula is _______________________________________________
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e. The semicircular canals move with the head or torso but the fluid inside
_________________________________________________________ and
this bends the_________________________________________________
f. The bending of hairs stimulates __________________________ to signal
_______________________________________________ and, as a result,
impulses ____________________________________________________
g. Parts of the _________________________ are particularly important in
interpreting impulses from the semicircular canals.
F. Sense of Sight
1. Introduction
a. Visual accessory organs assist _________________________________
b. Examples of visual accessory organs are _________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Visual Accessory Organs
a. Each eyelid is composed of ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The orbiculais oculi muscle functions to _________________________
c. The levator palpebrae muscle functions to ________________________
d. Tarsal glands are ____________________________________________
e. Conjunctiva is _________________________________ and functions to
____________________________________________________________
f. The lacrimal apparatus consists of_______________________________
_______________________________________________ and functions to
____________________________________________________________
g. A lacrimal sac is ____________________________________________
h. A lacrimal duct is ___________________________________________
i. Tears contain _______________________________________________
j. The extrinsic muscles of the eye function to _______________________
k. The six extrinsic muscles of the eye are __________________________
____________________________________________________________
l. The superior rectus muscle moves the eye ________________________
m. The inferior rectus muscle moves the eye ________________________
n. The medial rectus muscle moves the eye _________________________
o. The lateral rectus muscle moves the eye__________________________
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p. The superior oblique muscle moves the eye _______________________
q. The inferior oblique muscle moves the eye _______________________
3. Structure of the Eye
a. The three layers of the eyeball are ______________________________
b. The spaces within the eye are filled with ______________________that
____________________________________________________________
c. The two parts of the outer tunic are _____________________________
d. The cornea is __________________________________ and functions to
____________________________________________________________
e. The sclera is___________________________________ and functions to
____________________________________________________________
f. In the back of the eye, the ______________________ pierces the sclera.
g. The middle tunic of the eye includes ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
h. The choroids coat is _________________________________________
and its functions include ________________________________________
i. The ciliary body is _____________________________________ and its
functions include ______________________________________________
j. Ciliary processes are _________________________________________
k. Ciliary muscles are __________________________________________
l. Suspensory ligaments extend from _______________________ and hold
____________________________________________________________
m. The lens is made up of _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
n. When ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments become ___________
and the lens becomes __________________________________________
o. When ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments become ________
_________________ and the lens becomes ________________________
p. The iris is_____________________________________ and functions to
____________________________________________________________
q. The anterior cavity of the eye is ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
r. The anterior chamber of the eye is ______________________________
s. The posterior chamber of the eye is _____________________________
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t. Aqueous humor is located __________________________________ and
functions to__________________________________________________
u. The pupil is ________________________________________________
v. The size of the pupil changes in response to_______________________
____________________________________________________________
w. The inner tunic of the eye consists of ______________________ which
contains the __________________________________________________
x. The retina has distinct layers including __________________________
____________________________________________________________
y. The five major groups of retinal neurons are ______________________
____________________________________________________________
z. ___________________________________ provide a direct pathway for
impulses triggered in the receptors to the optic nerve and brain.
aa. The horizontal cells and amacrine cells function to ________________
____________________________________________________________
bb. The macula lutea is ________________________________________
cc. The fovea centralis is _______________________________________
dd. The optic disc is ___________________________________________
ee. The posterior cavity of the eye is ______________________________
ff. Vitreous humor is located _________________________________ and
functions to __________________________________________________
gg. Light waves entering the eye must pass through __________________
______________________________ before they reach the photoreceptors.
4. Light Refraction
a. Light refraction is __________________________________ and occurs
when light moves _____________________________________________
b. A convex surface causes light waves to __________________________
c. A concave surface causes light waves to _________________________
d. Light is refracted by _________________________ as it enters the eye.
e. If the shape of the eye is normal, light waves are focused ____________
____________________________________________________________
f. The image focused on the retina is ______________________________
g. Divergent light waves focus behind the retina unless ________________
____________________________________________________________
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h. Accommodation accomplishes _______________________________by
___________________________________________________ of the lens.
5. Visual Receptors
a. Two kinds of photoreceptor cells are ____________________________
b. Rods and cones are found _____________________________________
c. Rods and cones are stimulated when _________________reaches them.
d. Rods are __________________________________ to light than cones.
e. Rods provide vision in __________________________________ light.
f. Rods produce ____________ vision, whereas cones detect ___________
g. Cones provide _____________________ images, whereas rods produce
____________________________________________________________
h. The area of sharpest vision is the _______________________________
i. The concentration of cones decreases in areas farther away from ______
____________________________________________________________
6. Visual Pigments
a. Rhodopsin is _______________________________________________
b. Rhodopsin is located _________________________________________
c. In the presence of light, rhodopsin ______________________________
into ________________________________________________________
d. A series of reactions cause nerve impulses to travel away from the retina,
through __________________, and into the ____________ where visions
are interpreted.
e. In bright light____________________________________ detect colors.
f. Dark adapted eyes are ________________________________________
g. Light adapted eyes are _______________________________________
h. Three pigments found on cones are _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
i. Erythrolabe is most sensitive to _________________________________
j. Chlorolabe is most sensitive to _________________________________
k. Cyanolabe is most sensitive to _________________________________
7. Stereoscopic Vision
a. Stereoscopic vision perceives __________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. Stereoscopic visions depends on ________________________________
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c. A person with one eye is less able to judge _______________________
____________________________________________________________
8. Visual Nerve Pathways
a. Axons of ganglionic cell leave eye through the ____________________
b. The optic chiasm is __________________________________________
c. Impulses leave the optic chiasm through ______________________ and
most are carried to _____________________________________________
d. From the thalamus, visual impulses travel to ______________________
e. Visual impulses that do not go to the thalamus go to _____________ and
are important in _______________________________________________
V. Life-Span Changes
A. By age fifty the senses of _________________________________ begin to diminish.
B. By age sixty, a fourth of the population experiences ___________________________
C. Age-related hearing loss may be due to _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Presbycusis is _________________________________________________________
E. Tinnitus is ____________________________________________________________
F. Vision may decline with age because _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
G. “Floaters” are due to ____________________________________________________
H. Presbyopia is __________________________________________________________
I. Glaucoma is ___________________________________________________________
J. Cataracts are ___________________________________________________________
K. Retinal detachment is ___________________________________________________
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