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Elective Psych Final Review ~ 2014 Name:_________________________________ Directions: It would, of course, would be beneficial to do as many as you can to help you on your final. The definition of psychology is: Psychologists rely on _____ to answer their questions about human behavior and cognitive processes. A ______ psychologist would be interested in the ways intelligence changes as a child ages. What type of psychologist would explain a person's behavior based on what is happening in the person’s brain? What type of psychologist studies differences in people (ie why is one person introverted while another might be extroverted)? Which perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on the internal workings of the mind. What is the key issue in psychology that contrasts the heredity with the environment as the major influence on behavior: Explain the issue of free will vs. determinism in psychology? Which issue in psychology concerns whether the field should focus on processes going on within the individual's mind rather than on behaviors that are clearly visible? What type of psychologist would be interested in why someone does something in reaction to others or the group? What type of research was started by psychologists after the Kitty Genovese stabbing ? What is primary difference between psychologists and psychiatrists? Theories tend to be _____________ while hypotheses are __________________. What do psychologists who work at universities spend most of their time doing? Define OPERATIONALIZE: Define PHRENOLOGY: Define ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: Why is the year 1879 so important in the field of psychology? What are the advantages of using archives? Define INTROSPECTION What is a criticism of introspection as a "window" into the mind's structure? Define GESTALT: Write a key word or words for each of the perspectives: A) Humanistic – B) Biological (Neuroscience)C) Cognitive – D) Social/CulturalE) Behavioral F) Psychoanalytic_ What is a problem associated with archival research? The national census, conducted every 10 years, is an example of which kind of research? Define CASE STUDY: Define CORRELATION: Define NEGATIVE CORRELATION: Define POSITIVE CORRELATION: In correlational research, the strength of the relationship between two variables is indicated by: Define SYNAPSE: Too much dopamine? Too little dopamine? What is the major problem involved in conducting a correlational study? What does the term experimental manipulation mean? Too little SEROTONIN: Define EEG: Define MRI: What is the main advantage of experimental research? The subjects in the control group experience all the factors that the subjects in the experimental group are experiencing except: The dependent variable is defined as the factor in a study that: The independent variable in an experiment is defined as the: Define CEREBRAL CORTEX: DEFINE OCCIPITAL LOBE: DEFINE TEMPORAL LOBE: DEFINE FRONTAL LOBE: DEFINE PARIETAL LOBE: DEFINE CEREBELLUM: What was the dependent variable in the Latané and Darley study of bystander helpfulness was: Define HYPOTHALAMUS: Define CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENT: Define ASSOCIATION AREAS: Define INFORMED CONSENT: What happened to railroad worker Phineas Gage? It would be expected that on many research tasks, college students would perform _____________________ participants from the general population. The language disorder in which speech sounds fluent but makes no sense is: Define PLACEBO: Define SENSATION: Which feature of the neuron makes it distinct as compared to other cells in the body? Define PERCEPTION: DEFINE neuroplasticity Define STIMULUS: Define DENTRITE: Define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD: Define MYELIN SHEATH: Define DIFFERNCE THRESHOLD: Give an analogy for the function of myelin: Damaged or insufficient myelin sheath would cause the nerve impulse to travel…? Define SENSORY ADAPTATION: Define BLIND SPOT: The speed of transmission in a neuron will occur fastest if what is true about the myelin sheath around the axon? Define AFTERIMAGE: Define ACTION POTENTIAL: Define PHEROMONES: Where are neurotransmitters stored? How long does it take taste buds to reappear after they are damaged (burnt)? List the receptor pairs in opponent-process theory: Does a nontaster or a supertaster need to eat more sweets and fats to really taste it? The chemical that transmits pain messages to the brain is known as… What is ongoing controversy regarding hypnosis? Addictive drugs differ from ordinary medication because they: What do caffeine and cocaine have in common? According to the gate-control theory of pain, how can the gates that allow for the perception of pain close? Olfactory cells are found in the: Define PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY. Define SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION: Describe one’s body during REM sleep. During a typical night of sleep, the length of stage 4 sleep _______________, and the length of REM sleep _______________. When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance? Define ALPHA WAVES: Define DELTA WAVES: In a typical night's sleep, the longest dream for most sleepers is most likely to occur: Sleepers are least responsive to outside stimulation during which stage of sleep? The theory that proposed that dreams represent forbidden and unknown desires is the ____________________ theory. Define MANIFEST CONTENT of dreams: Define LATENT CONTENT of dream: Define ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS Theory of Dreaming: Define DREAMS-FOR-SURVIVAL Theory of Dreaming: What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) was In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) was Watson and Rayner's (1920) research using Little Albert was important for showing that… In the Little Albert studies (Watson & Rayner, 1920), the conditioned stimulus (CS) was In the Little Albert studies (Watson & Rayner, 1920), the conditioned response (CR) was Define EXTINCTION: Define GENERALIZATION: Define SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: The law of effect states that… Who is the psychologist most closely associated with research on operant conditioning? Define THORNDIKE’S PUZZLE BOX: Define SKINNER BOX: Define UNCONSCIOUS WISH FULFILLMENT Theory of Dreaming: When the probability that a behavior will occur again increases, ______ has occurred. What is the primary characteristic of hypnosis? A reinforcer is a stimulus that… What does it mean to have a 100 IQ? Define POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: Define ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: When a person's behavior increases because an unpleasant stimulus is removed from her environment, then she has experienced a _____. When the probability that a behavior will occur again decreases, _____ has occurred. One advantage of using punishment to change behavior is that punishment … What is a disadvantage of using punishment to change behavior? Define SHAPING: Define OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: DEFINE ENCODING: Define PROCEDURAL MEMORY: Define EPISODIC MEMORY: Describe the difference between IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT MEMORY: Define FLASHBULB MEMORY: Who was Ebbinghaus? What did he study? Describe the difference between RECALL & RECOGNITION: Define ID: Define EGO: Define SUPEREGO: Define ORAL FIXATION: Define ANAL FIXATION: List the order of Freud’s PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES: Define G: Define SAVANT SYNDROME: Know the difference between OCD, PTSD, GAD, PANIC & PHOBIA Define DID: Define Axis I on the DSM: Define Axis II on the DSM: Define Axis III on the DSM: Define Axis IV on the DSM: Define Axis V on the DSM: